Syndrome des anti-synthétases et tacrolimus: efficacité et tolérance, à propos de 2 cas

Introduction. - Le traitement de la polymyosite et de l'atteinte pulmonaireassociées au syndrome des anti-synthétases peut serévéler difficile. Le tacrolimus est proposé en cas d'échec aux autresimmunosuppresseurs. Néanmoins, contrairement aux patientsgreffés, son utilisation dans cette indication est mal codifiée. Nousrapportons les cas de 2 patients traités efficacement par tacrolimus.Cas Clinique. - Cas 1. Il s'agit d'un homme de 44 ans originaire deMadagascar, chez qui le diagnostic de syndrome des anti-synthétasesest posé devant l'association mains de mécanicien, polymyosite,manifestation de raynaud et présence d'anticorps anti Jo1fortement positifs à 281U (norme < 50U). Les différents traitementsproposés (prednisone 1 mg/kg, méthotrexate, azathioprine,rituximab et Immunoglobulines IV) ne permettent pas de contrôlerla situation avec un pic des CK à 24 000 U/l au décours des Ig IV.Une IRM réalisée alors retrouve une activité inflammatoire intensedes compartiments antérieurs et postérieurs des cuisses des 2 côtés.Finalement un traitement de tacrolimus est proposé en augmentationprogressive. L'efficacité du traitement est mesurée par l'évolutiondes CK qui passent en quelques mois de 24 000 U/l à 300 U/lsous une dose de 6 mg/j de tacrolimus et d'une amélioration parIRM spectaculaire. Malheureusement, suite à un épisode de déshydratation,le patient développe une insuffisance rénale aigüemodérée (créatinine à 124 _mol/l contre 89 auparavant) non réversibleaprès réhydratation. Pour stabiliser la fonction rénale le tacrolimusest baissé à 4 mg/jour au prix d'une réapparition des douleursmusculaires et d'une ré-ascension des CK à 1 000 U/l. Cas 2. Il s'agitd'une patiente de 61 ans chez qui le diagnostic de syndrome desanti-synthétases est posé devant l'association atteinte articulaire,mains de mécanicien, atteinte musculaire, pneumopathie interstitiellediffuse et forte positivité des Ac anti JO1 à 252 U. Une associationtacrolimus et prednisone est rapidement proposée en raison del'atteinte pulmonaire. Malheureusement la patiente développe uneinsuffisance rénale progressive sous 9 mg/j de tacrolimus et malgréune réponse favorable sur le plan pulmonaire, le traitement estinterrompu avec amélioration de la fonction rénale.Discussion. - Le tacrolimus est un traitement immunosuppresseuranalogue à la ciclosporine, avec une action 100 fois supérieure. Ilinhibe l'activation et la prolifération des cellules T et sa principaletoxicité est rénale. Traitement puissant, il a montré son efficacitédans les atteintes pulmonaires sévères liées à un syndrome desanti-synthétases1.2. Les pneumologues le connaissent bien et chezles patients greffés, la surveillance de l'efficacité et de la toxicité dutraitement se fait grâce à des mesures du taux résiduel. Néanmoinsdans le cadre du syndrome des anti-synthétases les mesures de surveillancesont moins bien codifiées. Même si l'efficacité du tacrolimussemble excellente dans les formes musculaires etpulmonaires sévères, nos 2 cas nous rendent attentifs sur l'importanced'une surveillance rapprochée de la fonction rénale.Conclusion. - Le tacrolimus est un puissant immunosuppresseur quipeut être proposé aux patients souffrant de manifestations sévèresd'un syndrome des anti-synthétases. Une dose standard n'existe paset il faut être attentif à sa toxicité rénale.

Combination of lentivector immunization and low-dose chemotherapy or PD-1/PD-L1 blocking primes self-reactive T cells and induces anti-tumor immunity.

In the last two decades, anti-cancer vaccines have yielded disappointing clinical results despite the fact that high numbers of self/tumor-specific T cells can be elicited in immunized patients. Understanding the reasons behind this lack of efficacy is critical in order to design better treatment regimes. Recombinant lentivectors (rLVs) have been successfully used to induce antigen-specific T cells to foreign or mutated tumor antigens. Here, we show that rLV expressing a murine nonmutated self/tumor antigen efficiently primes large numbers of self/tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. In spite of the large number of tumor-specific T cells, however, no anti-tumor activity could be measured in a therapeutic setting, in mice vaccinated with rLV. Accumulating evidence shows that, in the presence of malignancies, inhibition of T-cell activity may predominate overstimulation. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed that specific anti-tumor CD8(+) T cells fail to produce cytokines and express high levels of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death (PD)-1. Association of active immunization with chemotherapy or antibodies that block inhibitory pathways often leads to better anti-tumor effects. We show here that combining rLV vaccination with either cyclophosphamide or PD-1 and PD-L1 blocking antibodies enhances rLV vaccination efficacy and improves anti-tumor immunity.

Nanomedicines for active targeting: physico-chemical characterization of paclitaxel-loaded anti-HER2 immunonanoparticles and in vitro functional studies on target cells.

Paclitaxel (Tx)-loaded anti-HER2 immunonanoparticles (NPs-Tx-HER) were prepared by the covalent coupling of humanized monoclonal anti-HER2 antibodies (trastuzumab, Herceptin) to Tx-loaded poly (dl-lactic acid) nanoparticles (NPs-Tx) for the active targeting of tumor cells that overexpress HER2 receptors. The physico-chemical properties of NPs-Tx-HER were compared to unloaded immunonanoparticles (NPs-HER) to assess the influence of the drug on anti-HER2 coupling to the NP surface. The immunoreactivity of sulfo-MBS activated anti-HER2 mAbs and the in vitro efficacy of NPs-Tx-HER were tested on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells that overexpress HER2 antigens. Tx-loaded nanoparticles (NPs-Tx) obtained by a salting-out method had a size of 171+/-22 nm (P.I.=0.1) and an encapsulation efficiency of about of 78+/-10%, which corresponded to a drug loading of 7.8+/-0.8% (w/w). NPs-Tx were then thiolated and conjugated to activated anti-HER2 mAbs to obtain immunonanoparticles of 237+/-43 nm (P.I.=0.2). The influence of the activation step on the immunoreactivity of the mAbs was tested on SKOV-3 cells using 125I-radiolabeled mAbs, and the activity of the anti-HER2 mAbs was minimally affected after sulfo-MBS functionalization. Approximately 270 molecules of anti-HER2 mAbs were bound per nanoparticle. NPs-Tx-HER exhibited a zeta potential of 0.2+/-0.1 mV. The physico-chemical properties of the Tx-loaded immunonanoparticles were very similar to unloaded immunonanoparticles, suggesting that the encapsulation of the drug did not influence the coupling of the mAbs to the NPs. No drug loss was observed during the preparation process. DSC analysis showed that encapsulated Tx is in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline phase. These results suggest that Tx is entrapped in the polymeric matrix and not adsorbed to the surface of the NPs. In vitro studies on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells demonstrated the greater cytotoxic effect of NPs-Tx-HER compared to other Tx formulations. The results showed that at 1 ng Tx/ml, the viability of cells incubated with drug encapsulated in NP-Tx-HER was lower (77.32+/-5.48%) than the viability of cells incubated in NPs-Tx (97.4+/-12%), immunonanoparticles coated with Mabthera, as irrelevant mAb (NPs-Tx-RIT) (93.8+/-12%) or free drug (92.3+/-9.3%).

Melanin-based coloration in juvenile kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) covaries with anti-predatory personality traits

Recent studies have shown that melanin-based coloration is associated with the ability to cope with stressful environments, potentially explaining why coloration covaries with anti-predator behaviours, boldness and docility. To investigate whether these relationships are consistent across species, we performed a study in the European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Similar to our results found previously in the barn owl (Tyto alba), nestling kestrels displaying a larger sub-terminal black tail band stayed on their back longer (tonic immobility test) and breathed at a lower rate than individuals with a smaller black band when handled. However, in contrast to barn owls, nestling kestrels with a larger black tail band were more aggressive and more agitated. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that melanin coloration is related to stress response and in turn to the reaction to predators, a very important personality trait (i.e. boldness).

The activity of the anti-apoptotic fragment generated by the caspase-3/p120 RasGAP stress-sensing module displays strict Akt isoform specificity.

The caspase-3/p120 RasGAP module acts as a stress sensor that promotes pro-survival or pro-death signaling depending on the intensity and the duration of the stressful stimuli. Partial cleavage of p120 RasGAP generates a fragment, called fragment N, which protects stressed cells by activating Akt signaling. Akt family members regulate many cellular processes including proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and metabolism. These cellular processes are regulated by three distinct Akt isoforms: Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. However, which of these isoforms are required for fragment N mediated protection have not been defined. In this study, we investigated the individual contribution of each isoform in fragment N-mediated cell protection against Fas ligand induced cell death. To this end, DLD1 and HCT116 isogenic cell lines lacking specific Akt isoforms were used. It was found that fragment N could activate Akt1 and Akt2 but that only the former could mediate the protective activity of the RasGAP-derived fragment. Even overexpression of Akt2 or Akt3 could not rescue the inability of fragment N to protect cells lacking Akt1. These results demonstrate a strict Akt isoform requirement for the anti-apoptotic activity of fragment N.

Clinical uses of anti-Müllerian hormone assays : pitfalls and promises

Rapport de synthèse : OBJECTIF : étudier si les fluctuations sériques du taux d'hormone anti-müllérienne (AMH) sont liées à des différences méthodologiques entre les deux tests ELISA commercialement disponibles le kit de Beckman Coulter Immunotech (Fullerton, CA) et le kit de Diagnostic Systems Laboratories (Webster, TX). DESIGN : étude prospective au sein de deux services universitaires de médecine de la reproduction. POPULATION ETUDIEE : cent soixante-huit échantillons sanguins provenant de trois populations différentes ainsi que des dosages itératifs au cours du même cycle menstruel dans une population de dix volontaires. INTERVENTIONS : doubles mesures en aveugle des taux sériques d'AMH dans les 168 sera avec les deux kits commercialement disponibles. Sept dosages itératifs au cours du même cycle menstruel chez 10 volontaires normo-ovulantes. ANALYSE STATISTIQUE : régression linéaire pour l'étude de la corrélation entre les deux méthodes de dosage. Analyse des variances pour les dosages sériés en cours de cycle menstruel. RÉSULTATS : nous avons démontré une relation linéaire entre les deux méthodes, avec un coefficient de corrélation de 0,88 ainsi qu'une diminution faible mais statistiquement significative et concomitante avec l'ovulation du taux d'AMH sérique. CONCLUSION : les variations en cours de cycle menstruel rapportées par certains auteurs ne sont pas liées à des problèmes méthodologiques. La chute du taux d'AMH lors de l'ovulation est faible mais statistiquement significative. Les variations observées en cours de cycle restent toutefois inférieures aux variations intercycles et ne représentent de ce fait pas un obstacle au dosage de l'AMH à n'importe quel jour du cycle menstruel.

Circulating miRNAs: a new generation of anti-doping biomarkers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate a variety of biological processes. Cell-free miRNAs detected in blood plasma are used as specific and sensitive markers of physiological processes and some diseases. Circulating miRNAs are highly stable in body fluids, for example plasma. Therefore, profiles of circulating miRNAs have been investigated for potential use as novel, non-invasive anti-doping biomarkers. This review describes the biological mechanisms underlying the variation of circulating miRNAs, revealing that they have great potential as a new class of biomarker for detection of doping substances. The latest developments in extraction and profiling technology, and the technical design of experiments useful for anti-doping, are also discussed. Longitudinal measurements of circulating miRNAs in the context of the athlete biological passport are proposed as an efficient strategy for the use of these new markers. The review also emphasizes potential challenges for the translation of circulating miRNAs from research into practical anti-doping applications.