Cambridge grammar of English : a comprehensive guide : spoken and written English grammar and usage.

Gramática que ofrece explicaciones completas y actualizadas del inglés hablado y escrito basado en el uso cotidiano real. El volumen está estructurado en dos partes: en la primera sección, las entradas de A-Z prestan atención a las áreas del lenguaje léxico-gramatical y otras que tienden a descuidar las referencias de la gramática. La segunda sección comprende temas tales como el lenguaje oral, gramática y discurso, las nociones y funciones gramaticales tradicionales como los tiempos verbales, y partes de la oración.

Simulation d'une machine de lecture optique à l'usage des aveugles. 'Simulación de una máquina de lectura óptica para los ciegos'.

Estudio preliminar para la construcción de una máquina que sea capaz de reconocer la letra impresa para su uso por parte de invidentes. Establecen unos métodos de reconocimiento que tratan un mínimo de información con un nivel de reconocimiento aceptable y con el objetivo de que el aparato resultante sea lo más económico posible. El sistema, desde la introducción de la información luminosa hasta la salida en braille, fue simulado en un ordenador. Los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios: con una pequeña cámara de captación de informaciones luminosas, conteniendo aproximadamente 50 elementos fotorreceptores, se obtiene más de un 90 por ciento de reconocimiento, y esto independientemente de la velocidad de desplazamiento de la cámara con relación al texto y con una muestra de datos de calidad bastante mediocre. Suponen que los excelentes resultados obtenidos son aún mejorables y que con este estudio previo y los resultados obtenidos va a permitirles ahora, realizar la construcción definitiva de la máquina.

Usage of oral skills by orally educated deaf adults

This paper discusses oral deaf adults and use of speech.

Input usage, output mix and industry deregulation: an analysis of the Australian dairy manufacturing industry

In this paper we estimate a Translog output distance function for a balanced panel of state level data for the Australian dairy processing sector. We estimate a fixed effects specification employing Bayesian methods, with and without the imposition of monotonicity and curvature restrictions. Our results indicate that Tasmania and Victoria are the most technically efficient states with New South Wales being the least efficient. The imposition of theoretical restrictions marginally affects the results especially with respect to estimates of technical change and industry deregulation. Importantly, our bias estimates show changes in both input use and output mix that result from deregulation. Specifically, we find that deregulation has positively biased the production of butter, cheese and powders.

Disease progression in heterosexual patients infected with closely related subtype B strains of HIV type 1 with differing coreceptor usage properties

Previously we described a heterosexual outbreak of HIV-1 subtype B in a town in the north of England (Doncaster) where 11 of 13 infections were shown to be linked by phylogenetic analysis of the env gp120 region. The 11 infections were related to a putative index case, Don1, and further divided into two groups based on the patients' disease status, their viral sequences, and other epidemiological information. Here we describe two further findings. First, we found that viral isolates and gp120 recombinant viruses derived from patients from one group used the CCR5 coreceptor, whereas viruses from the other group could use both the CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors. Patients with the X4/R5 dual tropic strains were symptomatic when diagnosed and progressed rapidly, in contrast to the other patient group that has remained asymptomatic, implying a link between the tropism of the strains and disease outcome. Second, we present additional sequence data derived from the index case, demonstrating the presence of sequences from both clades, with an average interclade distance of 9.56%, providing direct evidence of a genetic link between these two groups. This new study shows that Don1 harbored both strains, implying he was either dually infected or that over time intrahost diversification from the R5 to R5/X4 phenotype occurred. These events may account for/have led to the spread of two genetically related strains with different pathogenic properties within the same heterosexual community.