Method of numerical correction of errors occasioned by delay of records during the monitoring of environmental variables of interest for animal production

Thermal and air conditions inside animal facilities change during the day due to the influence of the external environment. For statistical and geostatistical analyses to be representative, a large number of points spatially distributed in the facility area must be monitored. This work suggests that the time variation of environmental variables of interest for animal production, monitored within animal facility, can be modeled accurately from discrete-time records. The aim of this study was to develop a numerical method to correct the temporal variations of these environmental variables, transforming the data so that such observations are independent of the time spent during the measurement. The proposed method approached values recorded with time delays to those expected at the exact moment of interest, if the data were measured simultaneously at the moment at all points distributed spatially. The correction model for numerical environmental variables was validated for environmental air temperature parameter, and the values corrected by the method did not differ by Tukey's test at 5% significance of real values recorded by data loggers.

Qualidade da água para irrigação de um córrego após receber efluente tratado de abate bovino

A qualidade da água de irrigação é de fundamental importância para não comprometer a qualidade dos produtos e o funcionamento dos equipamentos de irrigação, especialmente quando são diluídos outros compostos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do lançamento de efluente de abate de bovinos tratado sobre a qualidade da água para fins de irrigação do Córrego Jurubatuba, Anápolis-GO. As amostras de efluente e água foram obtidas em seis diferentes dias e nos seguintes locais: na descarga do efluente tratado antes do lançamento no córrego -P1, 50 m a montante do ponto de descarga -P2, 50 m a jusante do ponto de descarga -P3 e 120 m a jusante do ponto de descarga -P4. Analisaram-se os sólidos dissolvidos, pH, ferro, dureza, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, RAS, boro e DBO. Constatou-se risco médio ou alto de entupimento de emissores pelo uso do efluente na irrigação localizada, quando foram considerados pH, sólidos dissolvidos, ferro, dureza e manganês. A água dos locais avaliados no Córrego Jurubatuba apresentou risco médio de entupimento e restrição de uso moderada em relação a problemas de infiltração de água no solo. Em todos os pontos avaliados, as concentrações de DBO foram superiores aos limites para irrigação de vegetais consumidos in natura e cozidos.

Evaluation of roof slope and exposure with different roofing materials in reduced models of animal production facilities in spring and summer

The present study was conducted at the Department of Rural Engineering and the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology of FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The objective was to verify the influence of roof slope, exposure and roofing material on the internal temperature of reduced models of animal production facilities. For the development of the research, 48 reduced and dissemble models with dimensions 1.00 × 1.00 × 0.50 m were used. The roof was shed-type, and the models faced to the North or South directions, with 24 models for each side of exposure. Ceramic, galvanized-steel and fibro tiles were used to build the roofs. Slopes varied between 20, 30, 40 and 50% for the ceramic tile and 10, 30, 40 and 50% for the other two. Inside the models, temperature readings were performed at every hour, for 12 months. The results were evaluated in a general linear model in a nested 3 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, in which the effects of roofing material and exposure were nested on the factor Slope. Means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. After analyzing the data, we observed that with the increase in the slope and exposure to the South, there was a drop in the internal temperature within the model at the geographic coordinates of Jaboticabal city (SP/Brazil).

Small animal endoscopy

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Endoprótese revestida de jugular preservada de bovino: estudo comparativo da resposta tecidual em aorta torácica descendente e veia cava inferior de suínos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a resposta tecidual de uma endoprótese biosintetica implantada na aorta torácica descendente e veia cava inferior de suínos. MÉTODO: Foi implantada uma endoprótese auto-expansível composta de aço inoxidável, revestida por veia jugular de bovino, processada pelo método L-hydro, com auxilio de uma bainha de liberação Taheri-Leonhardt (Flórida, EUA) na aorta torácica descendente, e a veia cava infra-renal de 10 suínos. Sessenta dias após, as endopróteses foram retiradas e analisadas sob o ponto de vista macro e microscópicos. Foram observados: perviedade, grau de incorporação a parede do vaso, tipo de reação inflamatória, e local de maior resposta, tanto em relação a camada do vaso quanto ao local de contato com o anel de aço RESULTADOS: Todas as endopróteses encontravam-se pérvias, e incorporadas à parede. No setor venoso, seis apresentaram traves fibrosas em sua luz, e quatro apresentaram fibrose perivascular. No setor arterial somente uma prótese apresentou discreta estenose, sem fibrose perivascular. A reação inflamatória crônica tipo corpo estranho ocorreu em 100% das peças, a camada média foi a mais acometida no setor venoso, enquanto a íntima foi mais constante na artéria, o grau de incorporação foi mais firme na veia em comparação a artéria. A reação tecidual mostrou maior tendência nas áreas em intimo contato com o anel de aço (intra-anelar), mais intensa na artéria do que na veia. CONCLUSÃO: A prótese apresentou baixa trombogenicidade em ambos os sistemas, houve maior reação tecidual e baixa biocompatibilidade no setor venoso.

Acompanhamento a médio prazo da reconstrução acetabular com enxerto ósseo liofilizado bovino e dispositivo de reforço

OBJETIVO: Relatar a capacidade clínica e radiográfica de integração de enxertos ósseos liofilizados bovinos. MÉTODO: Vinte e cinco pacientes foram incluídos. O período médio de acompanhamento foi de oito anos. Os enxertos foram purificados e liofilizados. A análise clínica baseou-se no escore de Merle d'Aubigné e Postel, e critérios de pontuação estabelecidos para a osteointegração radiográfica foram usados para as análises radiográficas. RESULTADOS: Bons resultados clínicos e radiográficos foram observados em 80% e 72% dos casos, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Enxertos liofilizados bovinos podem ser usados com segurança e adequadamente na revisão acetabular da artroplastia total de quadril.

Repair of segmental bone defects with fiber-reinforced composite: a study of material development and an animal model on rabbits

The Repair of segmental defects in load-bearing long bones is a challenging task because of the diversity of the load affecting the area; axial, bending, shearing and torsional forces all come together to test the stability/integrity of the bone. The natural biomechanical requirements for bone restorative materials include strength to withstand heavy loads, and adaptivity to conform into a biological environment without disturbing or damaging it. Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials have shown promise, as metals and ceramics have been too rigid, and polymers alone are lacking in strength which is needed for restoration. The versatility of the fiber-reinforced composites also allows tailoring of the composite to meet the multitude of bone properties in the skeleton. The attachment and incorporation of a bone substitute to bone has been advanced by different surface modification methods. Most often this is achieved by the creation of surface texture, which allows bone growth, onto the substitute, creating a mechanical interlocking. Another method is to alter the chemical properties of the surface to create bonding with the bone – for example with a hydroxyapatite (HA) or a bioactive glass (BG) coating. A novel fiber-reinforced composite implant material with a porous surface was developed for bone substitution purposes in load-bearing applications. The material’s biomechanical properties were tailored with unidirectional fiber reinforcement to match the strength of cortical bone. To advance bone growth onto the material, an optimal surface porosity was created by a dissolution process, and an addition of bioactive glass to the material was explored. The effects of dissolution and orientation of the fiber reinforcement were also evaluated for bone-bonding purposes. The Biological response to the implant material was evaluated in a cell culture study to assure the safety of the materials combined. To test the material’s properties in a clinical setting, an animal model was used. A critical-size bone defect in a rabbit’s tibia was used to test the material in a load-bearing application, with short- and long-term follow-up, and a histological evaluation of the incorporation to the host bone. The biomechanical results of the study showed that the material is durable and the tailoring of the properties can be reproduced reliably. The Biological response - ex vivo - to the created surface structure favours the attachment and growth of bone cells, with the additional benefit of bioactive glass appearing on the surface. No toxic reactions to possible agents leaching from the material could be detected in the cell culture study when compared to a nontoxic control material. The mechanical interlocking was enhanced - as expected - with the porosity, whereas the reinforcing fibers protruding from the surface of the implant gave additional strength when tested in a bone-bonding model. Animal experiments verified that the material is capable of withstanding load-bearing conditions in prolonged use without breaking of the material or creating stress shielding effects to the host bone. A Histological examination verified the enhanced incorporation to host bone with an abundance of bone growth onto and over the material. This was achieved with minimal tissue reactions to a foreign body. An FRC implant with surface porosity displays potential in the field of reconstructive surgery, especially regarding large bone defects with high demands on strength and shape retention in load-bearing areas or flat bones such as facial / cranial bones. The benefits of modifying the strength of the material and adjusting the surface properties with fiber reinforcement and bone-bonding additives to meet the requirements of different bone qualities are still to be fully discovered.

Utilização de pericárdio bovino no sling pubovaginal para o tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço

OBJETIVO: avaliar os resultados do uso do pericárdio bovino na cirurgia de sling pubovaginal para o tratamento da incontinência urinária genuína de esforço. MÉTODOS: avaliação prospectiva de cinco pacientes, com diagnóstico de incontinência urinária genuína de esforço submetidas à cirurgia de sling pubovaginal com utilização de faixa de pericárdio bovino, no período de outubro/2001 a dezembro/2001. A média de idade foi de 48,2±11,5 anos (33-69 anos). RESULTADOS: o tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 45±35,3 minutos, com média de 36±12,4 horas de internação (24-48 horas). Não ocorreram complicações per-operatórias ou no período pós-operatório recente. Todas as pacientes apresentaram resultado inicial satisfatório, apresentando micções normais e sem perda. Ocorreram complicações pós-operatórias em todas as pacientes, sendo evidenciadas deiscência da ferida operatória vaginal com expulsão total da faixa em duas pacientes e exteriorização de parte da faixa em três pacientes. Todas as pacientes evoluíram com incontinência urinária de esforço, sendo submetidas à nova cirurgia de sling, com a utilização de fáscia do reto abdominal. Após a segunda cirurgia as pacientes evoluíram sem intercorrências e com melhora da perda involuntária de urina em quatro delas. CONCLUSÃO: o sling pubovaginal com uso de pericárdio bovino associa-se a altas taxas de complicações, não devendo ser mais utilizado no tratamento da IUE.

Changes in motor behavior during pregnancy in rats: the basis for a possible animal model of restless legs syndrome

PURPOSE:Pregnant women have a 2-3 fold higher probability of developing restless legs syndrome (RLS – sleep-related movement disorders) than general population. This study aims to evaluate the behavior and locomotion of rats during pregnancy in order to verify if part of these animals exhibit some RLS-like features.METHODS:We used 14 female 80-day-old Wistar rats that weighed between 200 and 250 g. The rats were distributed into control (CTRL) and pregnant (PN) groups. After a baseline evaluation of their behavior and locomotor activity in an open-field environment, the PN group was inducted into pregnancy, and their behavior and locomotor activity were evaluated on days 3, 10 and 19 of pregnancy and in the post-lactation period in parallel with the CTRL group. The serum iron and transferrin levels in the CTRL and PN groups were analyzed in blood collected after euthanasia by decapitation.RESULTS:There were no significant differences in the total ambulation, grooming events, fecal boli or urine pools between the CTRL and PN groups. However, the PN group exhibited fewer rearing events, increased grooming time and reduced immobilization time than the CTRL group (ANOVA, p<0.05).CONCLUSION:These results suggest that pregnant rats show behavioral and locomotor alterations similar to those observed in animal models of RLS, demonstrating to be a possible animal model of this sleep disorder.