Evaluation of cotton stalks destroyers

The destruction of the cotton crop residues (cotton stalks) is a mandatory procedure in Brazil for prophylactic issues, but is a subject unexplored by the research and there are few studies that deal with this issue. However, this is not encouraged in recent decades, studies aimed at developing and evaluating equipment for this purpose. The present study had the objective to evaluate six methods for mechanical destruction of cotton crop residues. Each method was defined based on the principle of operation of the active parts of the equipment, which were tested in medium texture soil and in a clayey one. The variables used to evaluate the efficiency of the equipment were the regrowth rate, the theoretical field capacity and energy demand. The equipment with convergent concave disks (DCC) and flat cutters discs from manufacturer A (CPS-a) showed the best results in cotton stalks destruction in both soil types. The harrow disc (GPD) was efficient only in clay soil. It was concluded that the equipment with convergent concave disks, among those tested, was the most efficient to destroy cotton stalks, regardless of soil type, and that the harrow disc was not included among the best performers.

Development of an automated bench top electronic penetrometer

The aim of this study was to develop a an automated bench top electronic penetrometer (ABEP) that allows performing tests with high rate of data acquisition (up to 19,600 Hz) and with variation of the displacement velocity and of the base area of cone penetration. The mechanical components of the ABEP are: a supporting structure, stepper motor, velocity reducer, double nut ball screw and six penetration probes. The electronic components of ABEP are: a "driver" to control rotation and displacement, power supply, three load cells, two software programs for running and storing data, and a data acquisition module. This penetrometer presented in compact size, portable and in 32 validation tests it proved easy to operate, and showed high resolution, high velocity in reliability in data collection. During the validation tests the equipment met the objectives, because the test results showed that the ABEP could use different sizes of cones, allowed work at different velocities, showed for velocity and displacement, were only 1.3% and 0.7%, respectively, at the highest velocity (30 mm s-1) and 1% and 0.9%, respectively for the lowest velocity (0.1 mm s-1).

Soil chiseling and fertilizer location in sugarcane ratoon cultivation

While the pre-harvest sugarcane burning is a disused practice, green harvest requires changes concerning ratoon cultivation due to the presence of a thick layer of straw. The experiment, conducted in a mechanical green harvesting area cultivated with sugarcane, consisted of two stages: in the first stage, the mechanical straw cutting performance of flat disks with different geometry edges was evaluated, considering two types of disks and 10 replications in a completely randomized design; in the second stage, the effect of soil chiseling on both sides of planting lines, using shanks with straw cutting flat disks, was assessed, as well as fertilizer deposition form. The experimental design in the second stage was completely randomized, with seven treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of a combination of two straw cutting disks (smooth or toothed edge), chiseling presence or absence, and fertilizer deposition forms (broadcast, on the planting line, and incorporated into chiseling furrows). The toothed disk differed from the smooth one, presenting lower values of horizontal and vertical forces, and torque. The agroindustrial variables pol (%), brix (%), fiber (%), and ATR (kg Mg-1) were not influenced by the fertilizer deposition form and soil chiseling. However, the localized fertilizer deposition increased crop yield when compared with broadcast fertilization.

Demanda tractiva en función de la resistencia mecánica del suelo a la penetración

No presente estudo, foram elaborados modelos empíricos para determinar a força de tração demandada por arados de discos, escarificadores e semeadoras adubadoras, em função da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração. A média da referida resistência, determinou-se até as profundidades de 25; 35 e 15 cm, em correspondência com as regulagens do arado de discos, escarificador e semeadora adubadora. O ajuste foi verificado de acordo com o coeficiente de determinação, gráficos de dispersão, análise residual e teste t (Student). Com base nessas análises, confirmou-se a normalidade dos resíduos, e foram estabelecidos intervalos de confiança com 95% de probabilidade. Os valores estimados e obtidos experimentalmente não discreparam significativamente. Concluiu-se que as funções exponenciais associadas apresentaram adequada precisão e confiabilidade para predizer a força de tração, considerando-se a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração e que os modelos podem ser uma ferramenta útil para o planejamento e gestão de operações agrícolas mecanizadas em solos com textura similar às desta pesquisa.

[Germontin ja Violettan duetto oopperasta La traviata]

Soitinnus: lauluäänet (baritoni, sopraano), orkesteri.

[Aaria oopperasta I due Foscari]

Soitinnus: lauluääni (baritoni), orkesteri.

Gilda : Caro nome

Soitinnus: lauluääni (sopraano), orkesteri.