Word length and landing position effects during reading in children and adults

The present study examined the effects of word length on children’s eye movement behaviour when other variables were carefully controlled. Importantly, the results showed that word length influenced children’s reading times and fixation positions on words. Furthermore, children exhibited stronger word length effects than adults in gaze durations and refixations. Adults and children generally did not differ in initial landing positions, but did differ in refixation behaviour. Overall, the results indicated that while adults and children show similar effects of word length for early measures of eye movement behaviour, differences emerge in later measures.

Ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy of two electronic apex locators during root canal length determination in primary teeth

Aim To evaluate ex vivo the accuracy of two electronic apex locators during root canal length determination in primary incisor and molar teeth with different stages of physiological root resorption. Methodology One calibrated examiner determined the root canal length in 17 primary incisors and 16 primary molars (total of 57 root canals) with different stages of root resorption based on the actual canal length and using two electronic apex locators. Root canal length was measured both visually, with the placement of a K-file 1 mm short of the apical foramen or the apical resorption bevel, and electronically using two electronic apex locators (Root ZX II - J. Morita Corp. and Mini Apex Locator - SybronEndo) according to the manufacturers` instructions. Data were analysed statistically using the intraclass correlation (ICC) test. Results Comparison of the actual root canal length and the electronic root canal length measurements revealed high correlation (ICC = 0.99), regardless of the tooth type (single-rooted and multi-rooted teeth) or the presence/absence of physiological root resorption. Conclusions Root ZX II and Mini Apex Locator proved useful and accurate for apex foramen location during root canal length measurement in primary incisors and molars.

Electronic working length determination in primary teeth by Propex and Digital Signal Processing

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of electronic apex locators Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and ProPex, for root canal length determination in primary teeth. Fifteen primary molars (a total of 34 root canals) were divided into two groups: Group I - without physiological resorption (n = 16); and Group II - with physiological resorption (n = 18). The length of each canal was measured by introducing a file until its tip was visible and then it was retracted 1 mm. For electronic measurement, the devices were set to 1 mm short of the apical resorption. The data were analysed statistically using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results showed that the ICC was high for both electronic apex locators in all situations - with (ICC: DSP = 0.82 and Propex = 0.89) or without resorption (ICC: DSP = 0.92 and Propex = 0.90). Both apex locators were extremely accurate in determining the working length in primary teeth, both with or without physiological resorption.

Phylogenetic analysis of a near-full-length sequence of an erythrovirus genotype 3 strain isolated in Brazil

Human parvovirus B19 is the only member of the genus Erythrovirus that causes human disease. Recent findings of several strains with considerable sequence divergence from B19 have suggested a new classification for parvovirus genotypes as 1 (B19), 2 (A-6 and LaLi) and 3 (V9). In their overall DNA sequence, the three genotypes differ by similar to 10%. Here, we report the isolation of a genotype-3-related strain named BR543 during a prospective study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Analysis of the nearly full-length genome sequence of BR543 indicates that this B19 variant sequence clusters with Gh2768, a strain from Ghana belonging to subtype 3b, and showed mostly synonymous substitutions.

Identification and lineage genotyping of South American trypanosomes using fluorescent fragment length barcoding

Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli are human-infective blood parasites, largely restricted to Central and South America. They also infect a wide range of wild and domestic mammals and are transmitted by a numerous species of triatomine bugs. There are significant overlaps in the host and geographical ranges of both species. The two species consist of a number of distinct phylogenetic lineages. A range of PCR-based techniques have been developed to differentiate between these species and to assign their isolates into lineages. However, the existence of at least six and five lineages within T. cruzi and T. rangeli, respectively, makes identification of the full range of isolates difficult and time consuming. Here we have applied fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) to the problem of identifying and genotyping T. cruzi, T. rangeli and other South American trypanosomes. This technique discriminates species on the basis of length polymorphism of regions of the rDNA locus. FFLB was able to differentiate many trypanosome species known from South American mammals: T. cruzi cruzi. T. cruzi marinkellei, T. dionisii-like, T. evansi, T. lewisi, T. rangeli, T. theileri and T. vivax. Furthermore, all five T. rangeli lineages and many T. cruzi lineages could be identified, except the hybrid lineages TcV and TcVI that could not be distinguished from lineages III and II respectively. This method also allowed identification of mixed infections of T. cruzi and T. rangeli lineages in naturally infected triatomine bugs. The ability of FFLB to genotype multiple lineages of T. cruzi and T. rangeli together with other trypanosome species, using the same primer sets is an advantage over other currently available techniques. Overall, these results demonstrate that FFLB is a useful method for species diagnosis, genotyping and understanding the epidemiology of American trypanosomes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Crossing Saddle Coil Conductors: Electric Length X Mutual Inductance

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), either on human or animal studies, the main requirements for radiofrequency (RF) coils are to produce a homogeneous RF field while used as a transmitter coil and to have the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while used as a receiver. Besides, they need to be easily frequency adjustable and have input impedance matching 50 Omega to several different load conditions. New theoretical and practical concepts are presented here for considerable enhancing of RF coil homogeneity for MRI experiments on small animals. To optimize field homogeneity, we have performed simulations using Blot and Savart law varying the coil`s window angle, achieving the optimum one. However, when the coil`s dimensions are the same order of the wave length and according to transmission line theory, differences in electrical length and effects of mutual inductances between adjacent strip conductors decrease both field homogeneity and SNR. The problematic interactions between strip conductors by means of mutual inductance were eliminated by inserting crossings at half electrical length, avoiding distortion on current density, thus eliminating sources of field inhomogeneity. Experimental results show that measured field maps and simulations are in good agreement. The new coil design, dubbed double-crossed saddle described here have field homogeneity and SNR superior than the linearly driven 8-rung birdcage coil. One of our major findings was that the effects of mutual inductance are more significant than differences in electrical length for this frequency and coil dimensions. In vitro images of a primate Cebus paela brain were acquired, confirming double-crossed saddle superiority. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 193-201, 2010

Effect of the chain length in the structure of imidazolic ionic liquids and dimethylformamide solutions probed by Raman spectroscopy

The Raman band assigned to the nu(C=O)mode in N,N-dimethylformamide (at ca. 1660 cm(-1)) was used as a probe to study a group of ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C(n)Mlm]Br) with different alkyl groups (n = 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 carbons) in binary equimolar binary mixtures with dimethylformamide. Due to the high electric dipole moment of the group C=O, there is a substantial coupling between adjacent molecules in the solution, and the corresponding Raman band involves both vibrational and reorientational modes. Different chain lengths of the ILs lead to different extents of the uncoupling of adjacent molecules of dimethylformamide, resulting in different shifts for this band in the mixtures. Information about the organization of ionic liquids in solution was obtained and a model of aggregation for these systems is proposed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.