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Référence bibliographique : Cohen, 951

Genome-wide association analysis of blood-pressure traits in African-ancestry individuals reveals common associated genes in African and non-African populations.

High blood pressure (BP) is more prevalent and contributes to more severe manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in African Americans than in any other United States ethnic group. Several small African-ancestry (AA) BP genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been published, but their findings have failed to replicate to date. We report on a large AA BP GWAS meta-analysis that includes 29,378 individuals from 19 discovery cohorts and subsequent replication in additional samples of AA (n = 10,386), European ancestry (EA) (n = 69,395), and East Asian ancestry (n = 19,601). Five loci (EVX1-HOXA, ULK4, RSPO3, PLEKHG1, and SOX6) reached genome-wide significance (p < 1.0 × 10(-8)) for either systolic or diastolic BP in a transethnic meta-analysis after correction for multiple testing. Three of these BP loci (EVX1-HOXA, RSPO3, and PLEKHG1) lack previous associations with BP. We also identified one independent signal in a known BP locus (SOX6) and provide evidence for fine mapping in four additional validated BP loci. We also demonstrate that validated EA BP GWAS loci, considered jointly, show significant effects in AA samples. Consequently, these findings suggest that BP loci might have universal effects across studied populations, demonstrating that multiethnic samples are an essential component in identifying, fine mapping, and understanding their trait variability.

Local acquisition of methicillin-resistance in predominant Staphylococcus aureus clones of western Switzerland.

Objectives: Recent population genetic studies suggest that the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassettes mec (SCCmec) was acquired at a global scale much more frequently than previously thought. We hypothesized that such acquisitions can also be observed at a local level. In the present study, we aimed at investigating the diversity of SCCmec in a local MRSA population, where the dissemination of four MRSA clones has been observed (JCM 2007, 45: 3729). Methods: All the MRSA isolates (one per patient) recovered in the Vaud canton of Switzerland from January 2005 to December 2008 were analyzed in this study. We used the Double Locus Sequence Typing (DLST) method, based on clfB and spa loci, and the e-BURST algorithm to group the types with one allele in common (i.e. clone). To increase the discriminatory power of the DLST method, a third polymorphic marker (clfA) was further analyzed on a sub-sample of isolates. The SCCmec type of each isolate was determined with the first two PCRs of the Kondo scheme. Results: DLST analysis indicated that 1884/2036 isolates (92.5%) belong to the four predominant clones. A majority of isolates in each clone harboured an identical SCCmec type: 61/64 (95%) isolates to DLST clone 1−1 SCCmec IV, 1282/1323 (97%) to clone 2−2 SCCmec II, 237/288 (82%) to clone 3−3 SCCmec IV, and 192/209 (92%) to clone 4−4 SCCmec I. Unexpectedly, different SCCmec types were present in a single predominant DLST clone: SCCmec V plus one unusual type in 3 isolates of clone 1−1; SCCmec I, IV, V, VI plus two unusual types in 41 isolates of clone 2−2; SCCmec I, II, VI plus three unusual types in 51 isolates of clone 3−3; and SCCmec II, IV, V plus one unusual type in 17 isolates of clone 4−4. Interestingly, adding a third locus generally did not change the classification of incongruent SCCmec types, suggesting that these SCCmec elements have been acquired locally during the dissemination of the clones. Conclusion: Although the SCCmec diversity within clones was relatively low at a local level, a significant proportion of isolates with different SCCmec have been identified in the four major clones. This suggests that the local acquisition of SCCmec elements is not a rare event and illustrates the great capacity of S. aureus to quickly adapt to its environment by acquiring new genetic elements.

Cinética de liberação de potássio e magnésio pelos minerais da fração argila de solos do Triângulo Mineiro

Estudos sobre cinética de liberação de K e Mg permitem uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica desses nutrientes no solo e podem fornecer subsídios para adequação das recomendações de adubação e aumentar a produção das plantas. A seleção do local de amostragem foi definida com base nas diferenças entre os materiais de origem (Grupo Bauru, Araxá, São Bento e Coberturas Detritico-Lateríticas Terciárias), estádio de desenvolvimento dos solos e representação espacial das litologias. Os teores de K total da fração argila foram determinados após digestão das amostras com HF, HNO3 e H2SO4 concentrados. Para avaliar o potencial dos minerais da fração argila de liberar K e Mg para as plantas, a partir de formas inicialmente não-trocáveis e estruturais, foram utilizadas nove extrações seqüenciais dos nutrientes com solução de ácido cítrico 0,1 mol L-1, com os seguintes tempos de contato com a amostra: 2, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, 288 e 576 h. O tempo total acumulado de extração foi de 1.382 h. A liberação da reserva de K e Mg foi definida pelo estádio de intemperismo e material de origem dos solos. A fração argila dos Argissolos desenvolvidos de arenito da Formação Uberaba e de micaxisto/granito (Grupo Araxá), de maneira geral, apresentou os maiores teores totais de K e Mg e teores acumulados até 1.382 h de extração com ácido cítrico 0,1 mol L-1. Contudo, mesmo nos Latossolos (baixos teores totais), verificou-se liberação relativamente alta de K e Mg (teores acumulados até 1.382 h), quando comparada aos teores trocáveis da TFSA, evidenciando o potencial das plantas na utilização de formas não-trocáveis e estruturais desses nutrientes ao longo dos cultivos. A descrição da cinética de liberação de K e Mg pela equação parabólica de difusão mostrou que o processo ocorreu, a diferentes velocidades, em duas fases, tendo sido, na maioria das amostras, a taxa de liberação na primeira fase maior para o K e menor para o Mg. Este comportamento diferenciado indica o predomínio de K na forma não-trocável em sítios de média/alta energia de adsorção e de Mg na estrutura de minerais ferromagnesianos, predominantemente a biotita, retardando a liberação do nutriente pela dependência de reações de intemperismo promovidas pelo ácido cítrico.