Avoided temperatures by young fish [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.50, 45-47, 1981]

Directed local changes of water temperature for the purpose of controlling the behaviour of fish are based on the knowledge of the characteristics of seasonal-age dynamics of their thermoadaptation possibilities. These possibilities are still inadequately studied especially in relation to avoided temperatures. By the authors the attempt was made to determine zones of avoided temperatures for the young of five species of fish (bream, roach, blue bream, perch, peled) in the summer period of the year, and also to assess the influence on them of additional factors, in particular mechanical driving. In parallel in two-fold repetition were conducted experiments on the determination of selected, shock and lethal temperatures of these fish. Experiments were conducted with fish, caught in the littoral of the Rybinsk reservoir.

Influence of starvation on selected temperatures in the young of bream, roach and perch [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.50, 45-47, 1981]

Works devoted to the influence of starvation on temperature selection by fishes are few and their conclusions are contradictory. This study determined the influence of brief, up to 14 days, starvation on temperature selection by young fishes. The experiments were carried out in August-September 1976 on fingerling bream (Abramis brama L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) with body lengths of 3-5 cm and weight 0.5-1.2 g. The young fish were caught in the littoral by seine-nets or small drag-nets. Immediately after catching the fish they were put in acclimatization boxes. The period of acclimatization did not exceed 2 days for bream and roach at a temperature of 20 °C and 6 days for perch at 17 °C. Before the start of the experiment and for the first 10 days of the experiment the fish were fed with oligochaetes, earthworms and daphnia, after that feeding discontinued. At the end of a 10-14 day period the giving of food was resumed. The study concludes that the experiments have shown that in the summer season the factor of starvation significantly changes the reaction to the gradient of temperature in young cyprihids - roach and bream.

Photonic and Device Design Principles for Ultrahigh-Efficiency (>50%), Spectrum-Splitting Photovoltaics

The sun has the potential to power the Earth's total energy needs, but electricity from solar power still constitutes an extremely small fraction of our power generation because of its high cost relative to traditional energy sources. Therefore, the cost of solar must be reduced to realize a more sustainable future. This can be achieved by significantly increasing the efficiency of modules that convert solar radiation to electricity. In this thesis, we consider several strategies to improve the device and photonic design of solar modules to achieve record, ultrahigh (> 50%) solar module efficiencies. First, we investigate the potential of a new passivation treatment, trioctylphosphine sulfide, to increase the performance of small GaAs solar cells for cheaper and more durable modules. We show that small cells (mm2), which currently have a significant efficiency decrease (~ 5%) compared to larger cells (cm2) because small cells have a higher fraction of recombination-active surface from the sidewalls, can achieve significantly higher efficiencies with effective passivation of the sidewalls. We experimentally validate the passivation qualities of treatment by trioctylphosphine sulfide (TOP:S) through four independent studies and show that this facile treatment can enable efficient small devices. Then, we discuss our efforts toward the design and prototyping of a spectrum-splitting module that employs optical elements to divide the incident spectrum into different color bands, which allows for higher efficiencies than traditional methods. We present a design, the polyhedral specular reflector, that has the potential for > 50% module efficiencies even with realistic losses from combined optics, cell, and electrical models. Prototyping efforts of one of these designs using glass concentrators yields an optical module whose combined spectrum-splitting and concentration should correspond to a record module efficiency of 42%. Finally, we consider how the manipulation of radiatively emitted photons from subcells in multijunction architectures can be used to achieve even higher efficiencies than previously thought, inspiring both optimization of incident and radiatively emitted photons for future high efficiency designs. In this thesis work, we explore novel device and photonic designs that represent a significant departure from current solar cell manufacturing techniques and ultimately show the potential for much higher solar cell efficiencies.

La vegetación de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Leyenda del mapa de series de vegetación a escala 1:50.000

Índice: 1. Marco geográfico. El medio físico: - Situación, extensión y límites. - Estructura, morfología y relieve. - Rasgos generales de los Pirineos. - Los Montes Vasco-Cantábricos. - La depresión del Ebro. 2. Los cambios de la vegetación en el tiempo: paleogeobotánica o geobotánica histórica: - Introducción. Las glaciaciones del Cuaternario. - La vegetación de Europa en el Terciario. - El tránsito Plioceno-Pleistoceno y el Pleistoceno antiguo. - El Pleistoceno medio y reciente. - El Tardiglaciar y el Holoceno. - La expansión de Fagus sylvatica en el Holoceno. - La Península Ibérica. 3. El clima actual del la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco y regiones limítrofes: - El régimen climático general del territorio noribérico. - La ubicación geográfica. - Centros de acción. - El contexto geográfico. - La clasificación bioclimática. - El paisaje vegetal a través de las unidades bioclimáticas: macroclimas, bioclimas y pisos bioclimáticos. - El macroclima Templado. - El macroclima Mediterráneo. 4. Biogeografía: - Biogeografía: definición y concepto. - Corionomía. - Biogeografía del norte-centro de la Península Ibérica. - Descripción y caracterización de las principales unidades biogeográficas. 5. Flora de la CAPV y territorios limítrofes: - La flora eurosiberiana. - La flora mediterránea. - La flora endémica. 6. Series, Geoseries y Geopermaseries de Vegetación de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco: - Los cambios de la vegetación en escala temporal reducida: dinamismo y sucesión. Concepto de Serie, Geoserie y Geopermaserie de Vegetación - Series climatófilas y temporihigrófilas. - Geoseries fluviales. - Halogeopermaseries (Geopermaseries costeras): los sistemas costeros. - Saxigeopermaseries (Geopermaseries rupícolas): crestas, acantilados y gleras. - Higrogeopermaseries (Geopermaseries higrófilas): turberas, charcas y lagunas.

Back pages of No. 50, 1991

Back cover. We Need Your Help! Map.

《广东省的植被和植被区划》含1:50万植被图

本项目成果以图文结合，系统的论述了广东省现状植被的基本特征、地理分布规律与生境的关系。并根据植被的特征及生产利用进行植被区划及分区评述。还从植被的角度提出开发利用和改造的意见。该成果是一项科学性较强的基础性调查研究报告，正确的评述广东植被的特点和植被分区，具有较高的学术水平，进一步开发利用和改造的方向措施，切合实际，对国土整治、保护环境提供了科学依据。

Re-estimation of small-scale fishery catches for U.S. flag-associated island areas in the western Pacific: the last 50 years

Nearshore fisheries in the tropical Pacific play an important role, both culturally and as a reliable source of food security, but often remain under-reported in statistics, leading to undervaluation of their importance to communities. We re-estimated nonpelagic catches for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and summarize previous work for American Samoa for 1950−2002. For all islands combined, catches declined by 77%, contrasting with increasing trends indicated by reported data. For individual island entities, re-estima-tion suggested declines of 86%, 54%, and 79% for Guam, CNMI, and American Samoa, respectively. Except for Guam, reported data primarily represented commercial catches, and hence under-represented contributions by subsistence and recreational fisheries. Guam’s consistent use of creel surveys for data collection resulted in the most reliable reported catches for any of the islands considered. Our re-estimation makes the scale of under-reporting of total catches evident, and provides valuable baselines of likely historic patterns in fisheries catches.