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上芒岗金矿床位于三江褶皱系怒江大断裂西南段,龙陵~瑞丽大断裂(F_1)南东盘,上芒岗次级断裂(F_4)之中。赋矿地层为下二叠统沙子坡组(P_(1s))和中侏罗统勐嘎组(J_(2m))。矿石主要有两种类型,硅质矿石和粘土质矿石;前者主要由石英和少量黄铁矿所组成,金品位平均为2 * 10~(-6);后者主要由伊利石、高岭石和黄铁矿所组成,金品位一般为2 * 10~(-6) ~ 4 * 10~(-6)。矿石中金星次显微状态,主要元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Ba。矿床以强烈的黄铁粘土岩化为特征,热液蚀变作用过程即是金矿化作用过程。根据热液蚀变的矿物共生组合及其生成序次,将金矿化作用过程分为五个阶段:黄铁矿-石英阶段(I);镁贝得-白云石阶段(II);辉锑矿-石英阶段(IlI):黄铁矿-高岭石-伊利石阶段(IV);网脉状石英阶段(V)。其中黄铁矿-高岭石-伊利石阶段(IV)是金矿化的主成矿阶段。该矿床属于卡林型金矿床。由石英流体包裹体获得不同成矿阶段的温度为,成矿阶段I:210~170 ℃、成矿阶段III:190~160 ℃、成矿阶段V:173~144 ℃。伊利石-水氢同位素温度计测得成矿阶段IV的温度为165 ℃。石英流体包裹体液相成分以K~+、Na~+和Cl~- (F~-)为主,其次为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HC0_3~-,由早到晚K~+、Na~+和Cl~-降低,而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HC0_3~-升高;气相组分以C0_2为主。石英流体包裹体成分富F,其含量高达8.03 * 10~(-3) mol/kg,正是由于成矿热液富含F,Al才可以与F形成络合物进入热液迁移,即Al成为活动组份,从而形成该矿床所独特的强烈粘土岩化蚀变。稀土元素特征方面,矿石和赋矿地层下二叠统沙子坡以及中侏罗统勐嘎组岩石的稀土配分曲线十分相似,均为右倾型,但是两者的稀土元素总量不同,前者的相对较高。矿石和蚀变岩具有相似的稀土元素配分曲线,但是矿石的稀土元素总量相对较高。与勐嘎组泥岩相比,粘土质蚀变岩和矿石更加富集轻稀土元素,并且更富Eu。这些特征表明,粘土质蚀变岩和矿石是由热液作用形成的,而不是风化作用的产物;矿石与赋矿地层在物质来源上有亲缘关系。不同矿段、不同阶段和不同类型矿石和蚀变岩的Au、Ag、As以及Sb的含量同步变化,这表明在整个成矿作用过程中,成矿流体来源统一,且在成矿体系起主导作用。不同类型的矿石及蚀变岩中Au与Al_20_3,和TFe的含量呈正相关,表明黄铁粘土岩化与成矿关系最为密切。矿石铅同位素~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为39.12~39.54、15.85~15.95、19.75~20.33;沙子坡组(P_(1s))岩石铅同位素比值分别为:38.407~37.868、15.921~15.589、22.685~22.367;孟嘎组(J_(2m))岩石铅同位素比值分别为:39.499~39.222,15.821~15.772、19.207~18.709。在铅同位素组成相关图中矿石与地层铅的投影点分别集中成群分布。矿石铅与地层铅呈线性分布,而且矿石铅的集中区位于沙子坡组铅集中区和勐嘎组铅集中区之间。这些特征表明矿石铅系由沙子坡组铅和勐嘎组铅混合而成。成矿热液的δ~(18)O由早到晚逐渐升高,I、III、IV、V阶段流体的δ~(18)O值分别为-4.2‰,+0.59‰;+0.76‰,+1.98‰,表现出明显的漂移特征;而δD则表现出高度的一致性,变化范围为-82.5 ~ 79.48‰。由此认为成矿热液系大气降水起源。成矿热液氢、氧同位素组成的这种规律性变化还说明,成矿热液的演化具有继承性和连续性。应用CHILLERR软件包,对上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程进行化学反应途径数字模拟。所展示的成矿作用过程为:大气降水沿断裂带下渗,加热循环,获取成矿物质(但不排除有深源成矿物质加入的可能性);形成起始成矿热液:T = 200℃ P = 228.8bar;pH = 4.4;fs_2 = 10~(-9.89); fo_2 = 10~(-41.28);aAu(HS)_2~- = 10~(-9.64),aAuCl_2~- = 10~(-17.86);富含F、Al和Au,贫As、Hg、Zn、Cu和Pb。成矿热液在构造作用的驱动下,上升进入上芒岗断裂上部含水构造破碎带,并与下渗雨水混合而淬冷,形成沿上芒岗断裂呈线状分布的早期硅化石英岩(成矿阶段I),成矿热液与下渗雨水之比为16:l(成矿阶段I);继而热液扩散进入下盘破碎带,与白云岩反应,形成矿体下盘的白云石化,水:岩比为193:l(成矿阶段II)。此后成矿热液上升充填裂隙空间,由于热传导而缓慢冷却,成矿体系的温度由189 ℃降为165 ℃,形成含辉锑矿的梳状石英脉(成矿阶段1II)。成矿热液继续上升进入上盘碎屑岩破碎带,停积于构造揉皱的泥质岩,并与之反应,形成上芒岗矿床金矿化的主体—粘占土质矿石,水:岩比为29:1(成矿阶段IV)。最后成矿残液逐渐冷却, 同时伴随C0_2的起泡,形成晚期石英网脉(成矿阶段V),至此热液金矿化过程结束。由上述可见上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程经历了:(初始)成矿热液与下渗大气降水混合(I) → 成矿热液与沙子坡组白云岩反应(II) → 成矿热液缓慢冷却(III) → 成矿热液与勐嘎组泥质岩石反应(IV) → 成矿热液冷却沸腾(V)等5个演化阶段。模拟结果进一步证实了上芒岗金矿床的热液成因。上芒岗金矿床成作用过程化学反应途径数字模拟与地质事实高度吻合,与地球化学研究结果相互印证,再现了上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程。由矿床的地质地球化学特征及成矿作用过程化学反应途径模拟结果,归纳出上芒岗金矿床成矿作用过程模型。

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在自然界中存在一套由硅质岩、泥质岩/页岩或板岩、碳酸盐岩和粉砂岩组成的沉积建造,并以富含有机质和菌藻微生物等为特征,沉积厚度较大,岩石类型以硅岩为主,称之为“硅岩建造”。硅岩建造中的硅质岩不仅是许多重要矿种(如金、硒、铀、钒、磷、锰、铂族元素、重晶石和黄铁矿等)的赋存层和含矿岩系的重要岩类,而且由于它形成于特定的地球化学条件下,能够反映出某些沉积相带特殊的地质背景,另外,硅质岩本身就是一种生物岩,对探讨生物成岩、成矿作用有重要意义。所以对硅岩建造及其内硅质岩研究具有十分重要的理论意义和实用价值。因此,本论文选择扬子地块周边寒武系(南秦岭紫阳硒富集区)、二叠系(湖北恩施双河渔塘坝硒矿床)富硒硅岩建造为研究对象。通过岩石地球化学、同位素地球化学、矿物学以及流体包裹体等方法从含硒规律、岩石成因、沉积环境、成矿流体性质等方面,分别对对两个不同时代或不同层位的富硒硅岩建造开展了系统的地球化学对比研究;并从矿物学、包裹体成分及物理化学条件等方面对渔塘坝硒矿床的成因作了探讨。通过研究,取得了以下主要认识:1渔塘坝硒矿区和紫阳硒富集区富硒硅岩建造岩石以硅质岩为主,硅质岩中5102含量范围分别为64.2%-95.84%和63.62%-95.24%。同时包括部分碳质硅质岩丫碳质页岩 和碳、硅板岩及含腐泥层的石煤;渔塘坝硒矿床硅质岩中Se含量大于80ug/g的样品均采自下二叠统茅口组的硅质岩段内,紫阳下寒武统硒富集体中硅质岩中硒的含量最高(可达278ppm)。2微量元素研究表明,两地区富硒硅质岩中均含有较高的Cu,Ni、V、As、Sb、Cr,且U/Th>1。在U-Th、Zr-Cr和P2O5-Y相关图以及Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)三角图上,两研究区内硅质岩样品点均落于热水沉积区。渔塘坝硒矿区硅质岩的REE总量较低,平均为38.9×10-6,紫阳硒富集区硅质岩REE总量除个别较高(达110×10-6以上)外,总体也较低(12.0-37.6)×l0-6;另外,从稀土元素配分模式看,两地区硅质岩均有较明显的Ce负异常,且Eu从无明显Eu异常到出现正Eu异常。都反映出热水沉积硅质岩的特征。从si和O同位素组成来看,两个地区硅质岩的δ3051和δ18O值也总体位于热水成因硅质岩区域内。根据隧石一水的氧同位素分馏方程计算得知,两研究区硅质岩的形成温度分别为46℃-72℃和78.6℃-126.20℃。地球化学特征表明,两地区富硒硅质岩均来自热水沉积作用。另外,渔塘坝硒矿区硅质岩中Cr含量较高,且存在腕足类生物化石;紫阳硒富集区硅质岩中Ba及有机质含量较高,且存在叶琳生物标志化合物。结合两地区碳同位素组成特征(渔塘坝地区δ13c为正值,可能和上扬子区早、晚二叠世之间多期次喷发的火山活动,造成地球史上二叠纪生物大灭绝有关;紫阳地区δ13C为负值,说明碳同位素来源于沉积有机物质),暗示两地区硅质岩的成因可能与火山沉积作用有关,且在成岩过程中有部分生物的参与。3渔塘坝赋矿硅质岩硫同位素组成具有较高的负值,表明矿床形成于缺氧的海盆内:紫阳硒富集区形成黄铁矿的硫主要来自海水硫酸盐。4系统研究了渔塘坝硒矿区硒的矿物学,显示硒以自然硒、独立矿物、类质同像及有机吸附四种形式赋存于矿床中。废弃石煤堆中的自然硒矿物,是自然因素和人为活动共同干预的结果,并非石煤的缓慢自燃的结果。5对研究区成矿流体中包裹体均一温度、盐度和密度进行了系统研究,结果显示:两地区的流体包裹体以原生包裹体为主,数量较多且形态复杂;研究区(渔塘坝硒矿和紫阳硒富集区)成矿流体处于中一低温( 190-250)℃和(120-155)℃条件。渔塘坝硒矿区石英和方解石包裹体内的流体盐度分别为(5.9-10.l)B%和(3.9-4.5)WB%,紫阳硒富集区流体盐度为(1.2-2.8)WB%,后者流体盐度明显低于前者。流体密度经计算分别为0.79-0.79/cm3和0.69-0.969/cm3。重点对渔塘坝硒矿区的石英和方解石包裹体进行了拉曼光谱成分测试,结果显示:包裹体成分以H2O和N2为主,含少量 CH4、C2H4、C2H6、C3H5、C4H6、C4H4和C6H6等成分,说明成矿溶液介质主要为具有还原性质的水溶液,其成矿条件具还原性的特点。6渔塘坝硒矿区成矿物理化学条件的研究表明,即富硒成矿流体为中低温(190-250)℃、压力平均为60Mpa。成矿早期02、eZ相对较低,乃较高,且fS2/fSe2>l,有利于硫化物沉淀在成矿主阶段,随着硫化物的沉淀,fS2和fSe2相应增大,且fO2较高。高的fO2阻止了硒进入硫化物,而有利于硒化物的形成。 7系统研究了富硒硅岩建造的沉积环境和构造环境特征,认为渔塘坝硒矿床中富硒硅质岩主要形成于浅海滞留的盆地沉积环境,紫阳下寒武统硅质岩沉积环境属于深水滞留沉积环境;渔塘坝硒矿床主要形成于拉张的断陷盆地中,紫阳硒富集体则形成于拉张的裂谷环境。

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This paper gives a brief review of R&D researches for light olefin synthesis directly and indirectly from synthesis gas in the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP). The first pilot plant test was on methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction and was finished in 1993, which was based on ZSM-5-type catalyst and fixed bed reaction. In the meantime, a new indirect method designated as SDTO (syngas via dimethylether to olefin) was proposed. In this process, metal-acid bifunctional catalyst was applied for synthesis gas to dimethylether(DME) reaction, and modified SAPO-34 catalyst that was synthesized by a new low-cost method with optimal crystal size was used to convert DME to light olefin on a fluidized bed reactor. The pilot plant test on SDTO was performed and finished in 1995. Evaluation of the pilot plant data showed that 190-200 g of DME were yielded by single-pass for each standard cubic meter of synthesis gas. For the second reaction, 1.880 tons of DME or 2.615 tons of methanol produced 1 ton of light olefins, which constitutes of 0.533 ton of ethylene, 0.349 ton of propylene and 0.118 ton of butene. DICP also paid some attention on direct conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins. A semi-pilot plant test (catalyst 1.8 1) was finished in 1995 with a CO conversion > 70% and a C(2)(=)-C(4)(=) olefin selectivity 71-74% in 1000 h. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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A novel mode of capillary electrochromatography (CEC), called dynamically modified strong cation-exchange CEC (DMSCX-CEC), is described in this paper. A column packed with a strong cation-exchange (SCX) packing material was dynamically modified with a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which was added to the mobile phase. CTAB ions were adsorbed onto the surface of the SCX packing material, and the resulting hydrophobic layer on this packing was used as the stationary phase. Using the dynamically modified SCX column, neutral solutes were separated with the CEC mode. The highest number of theoretical plates obtained was about 190 000/m, and the relative standard deviations (RSD's) for migration times and capacity factors of alkylbenzenes were less than 1.0% and 2.0% for five consecutive runs, respectively. The effects of CTAB and methanol concentrations and the pH value of the mobile phase on the electroosmotic flow and the separation mechanism were investigated. Excellent simultaneous separation of the basic and neutral solutes in DMSCX-CEC with a high-pH mobile phase was obtained, A mixture containing the acidic, basic, and neutral compounds was well separated in this mode with a low-pH mobile phase; however, peak tailing for basic compounds was observed in this mobile phase.

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This payer presents a concrete theoretical treatment which can be used for transforming the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) intensity into the population and alignment parameters of a symmetric top molecule, The molecular population and alignment are described by molecular state multipoles. The results are presented in a general excitation-detection geometry and then specialized in some special geometries. The problem how to extract the initial molecular state multipoles from the rotationally resolved LIF intensity is discussed in detail. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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