The distribution, enrichment and source of potential harmful elements in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, North China

A geochemical study of Bohai Bay surface sediments was carried out to analyze the potential harmful element (PHE: Ge, Mo, In, Sn, Sb,Te, Tl, Bi and V) concentrations, transportation and deposition, enrichment factors and sources. Germanium, Mo, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Bi and V concentrations in the surface sediments were: 1.43-1.71, 0.52-1.43, 0.04-0.12, 2.77-4.14, 1.14-2.29, 0.027-0.085, 0.506-0.770, 0.27-0.63 and 70.35-115.90 mu g/g, respectively. The distributions of total PHE concentrations, together with sequential extraction analyses, showed that the PHEs were mainly due to natural inputs from the continental weathering delivered to the bay by rivers and atmospheric transportation and deposition. However, high Mo, Sb, Te, Bi and V occurred in non-residual fractions, suggesting some anthropogenic inputs in addition to the natural inputs. Besides sources, the distributions of PHEs were influenced by the coupling of physical, chemical and biological processes. Enrichment factor (EF) was computed for each site for each element in order to assess the polluting elements and the degree of pollution at each site. Results revealed that the EFs were generally lower than 1.0, particularly for Ge, Mo, In, Sn, Tl and V; however, the EFs were higher (>1.5), particularly for Sb, Te and Bi, revealing moderate contamination. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

江河源区“黑土型”退化人工草地管理技术研究

从放牧试验、施肥、毒杂草防除、害鼠防治4个方面研究了江河源区禾草混播人工草地的科学管理。结果表明：混播人工草地的牧草适宜利用率应为40％～60％，施肥、毒杂草防除和害鼠防治能保持混播草地群落的“暂稳态”，实现混播人工草地的持续利用。

栽培花锚中抗肝炎活性成分的含量在不同生长期变化的研究

研究了花锚中去甲氧基花锚甙和花锚甙的含量随着不同生长期的变化趋势,为药材的合理栽培和采收提供科学依据.RP-HPLC法,使用VP-ODS C18柱,流动相为乙腈∶磷酸∶水(1‰),梯度洗脱程序:0～5.00 min乙腈的体积分数(以下同)为15%、5.01～14.00 min由15%增至25%、14.01～30.00 min由25%增至40%,流速为1 mL/min,柱温25℃,检测波长:254 nm.花锚甙和去甲氧基花锚甙、在花锚全草中的含量在不同生长期有明显变化.

青海门源地区大鵟和雕鸮的食性比较

1999～2002年的6～8月份，在青海门源地区收集了大鵟和雕鸮的吐弃块（pellets）和残留食物（food remains），带回实验室进行分检鉴定、研究分析。大鵟食物中共有736个猪物，其中高原鼢鼠28只、高原鼠兔139只、甘肃鼠兔142只、田鼠科动物422只、雀形目鸟类4只、香鼬1只；各猎物对大鵟食物的生物量贡献率分别为14.26%、40.79%、17.39%、26.99%、0.22%、0.35%。雕鸮食物中共有330个猎物，其中高原鼢鼠17只、高原鼠兔77只、甘肃鼠兔44只、田鼠科动物183只、雀形目鸟类2只、红脚鹬2只、高原兔5只；各猎物对雕鸮食物的生物量贡献率分别为11.83%、30.87%、7.36%、16.00%、0.15%、0.62%、33.17%。雕鸮的食物生态位宽度与大鵟的食物生态位宽度相近，食物生态位高度重叠，但是它们捕食同种猎物的比例显著不同。

放牧强度对高寒灌丛草甸土壤CO_2释放速率的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站，研究放牧强度对土壤CO２释放速率的影响及其与环境条件的关系。结果表明，CO２释放速率具有明显的日变化规律，日最大值在12∶00～14∶00h出现，最低值出现于凌晨6∶00～8∶00h。轻牧和重牧区日释放速率分别为7.774±5.577 g·m－２·d －１和6.977±4.947 g·m－２·d －１。CO２释放速率具有明显的季节变化，最大值均出现在7月，而冬季则最低。CO２释放速率的日变化主要受气温和地表温度的制约，与气温和地表温度呈极显著的正相关(P＜0.01)。CO２释放速率的季节动态与气温和地温(0～30cm)呈极显著的正相关(P＜0.01)。放牧使CO２释放速率降低。

Influence of grazing intensity on performance of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau

Effects of grazing intensity on leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn), specific leaf area (SLA), individual tiller density, sward leaf area index (LAI), harvested herbage DM, and species composition in grass mixtures (Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis, Elymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum and Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum) were studied in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau. Four grazing intensities (GI), expressed as feed utilisation rates (UR) by Tibetan lambs were imposed as follows: (1) no grazing; (2) 30% UR as light grazing; (3) 50% UR as medium grazing; and (4) 70% UR as high grazing. Leaf Pn rate and tiller density of grasses increased (P < 0.05), while sward LAI and harvested herbage DM declined (P < 0.05) with the increments of GI, although no effect of GI on SLA was observed. With increasing GI, Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans increased but Bromus inermis and Agropyron cristatum decreased in swards, LAI and DM contribution. Whether being grazed or not, Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum was the most productive sward among the grass mixtures. Thus, two well-performed grass species (Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans) and the most productive mixture of four species should be investigated further as the new feed resources in the alpine grazing system of the Tibetan Plateau. Light grazing intensity of 30% UR was recommended for these grass mixtures when swards, LAI, herbage DM harvested, and species compatibility were taken into account.