Interhemispheric distribution of Alzheimer disease and vascular pathology in brain aging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Most of the neuropathological studies in brain aging were based on the assumption of a symmetrical right-left hemisphere distribution of both Alzheimer disease and vascular pathology. To explore the impact of asymmetrical lesion formation on cognition, we performed a clinicopathological analysis of 153 cases with mixed pathology except macroinfarcts. METHODS: Cognitive status was assessed prospectively using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale; neuropathological evaluation included assessment of Braak neurofibrillary tangle and Ass deposition staging, microvascular pathology, and lacunes. The right-left hemisphere differences in neuropathological scores were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The relationship between the interhemispheric distribution of lesions and Clinical Dementia Rating scores was assessed using ordered logistic regression. RESULTS: Unlike Braak neurofibrillary tangle and Ass deposition staging, vascular scores were significantly higher in the left hemisphere for all Clinical Dementia Rating scores. A negative relationship was found between Braak neurofibrillary tangle, but not Ass staging, and vascular scores in cases with moderate to severe dementia. In both hemispheres, Braak neurofibrillary tangle staging was the main determinant of cognitive decline followed by vascular scores and Ass deposition staging. The concomitant predominance of Alzheimer disease and vascular pathology in the right hemisphere was associated with significantly higher Clinical Dementia Rating scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the cognitive impact of Alzheimer disease and vascular lesions in mixed cases may be assessed unilaterally without major information loss. However, interhemispheric differences and, in particular, increased vascular and Alzheimer disease burden in the right hemisphere may increase the risk for dementia in this group.

Avaliação de um modelo físico de produção de bovinos no semi-árido integrando caatinga, capim-buffel e leucena.: I. fase de cria

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar um modelo físico do sistema de cria de bovinos para as áreas mais secas do Semi-Árido brasileiro, associando a pastagem natural com pastos cultivados tolerantes à seca. A caatinga foi pastejada no período verde, e o capim buffel no restante do ano. A suplementação com leucena ocorreu no período seco, sob pastejo direto e feno no cocho. Parâmetros de desempenho, monitorados de novembro de 1991 a outubro de 1995, mostraram uma taxa média de parição da ordem de 72,8% ao ano e taxas de mortalidade praticamente nulas. O peso vivo médio dos bezerros aos 205 dias de idade foi de 153,4 kg e a produ- ção de bezerros desmamados foi de 109,5 kg/matriz exposta/ano e de 25,5 kg/hectare/ano. Os resultados são considerados bastante expressivos, considerando-se que mais da metade da área era ocupada com pastagens nativas de caatinga e que a oferta de leucena foi limitada pela ocorrência de uma forte estiagem.

Decreased thermogenic response to an oral glucose load in older subjects.

The thermogenic response to a 100 g oral glucose load was studied by indirect calorimetry in 13 older persons (age range, 38-68 years) and compared with that of 16 young matched controls of similar body weight (age range, 19-30 years). The glucose-induced thermogenesis measured over 180 min and expressed as a per cent of the energy content of the glucose load was found to be reduced in the older subjects, i.e., 5.8 +/- 0.3 per cent vs 8.6 +/- 0.7 per cent, P less than 0.002). This was also accompanied by a significant decrease in the glucose oxidation rate when averaged over the same three-hour period following the glucose load, i.e., 153 mg/min vs 213 mg/min in the control subjects (P less than 0.001) despite a similar time course of glycemia. This study suggests that the thermogenic response to an oral glucose load is blunted in older people, and this may represent an additional factor that contributes to the decreased energy requirement with age and therefore to the increased propensity to obesity if energy intake is not adjusted.

BRS 180: cevada cervejeira para cultivo irrigado no Cerrado

Culturas alternativas de inverno com viabilidade técnica e econômica para integrar os sistemas de produção irrigados constituem-se na principal demanda dos agricultores da região do Cerrado. A cultivar de cevada BRS 180 obtida pela Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo e Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados, lançada para o cultivo irrigado em 1999, representa a primeira cultivar adaptada para a região, potencializando essa cultura como uma nova opção para o produtor. BRS 180 apresenta elevados índices de produtividade, resistência ao acamamento e baixos teores de proteínas, o que vem atender às demandas agronômicas dos agricultores e aos padrões de qualidade da indústria de malte cervejeiro. Em parcelas experimentais, BRS 180 apresentou rendimentos de grãos de até 8.920 kg/ha, atingindo até 6.000 kg/ha em lavouras comerciais.

Controle químico da lagarta-enroladeira (Bonagota cranaodes Meyrick) na cultura da macieira

A lagarta-enroladeira, Bonagota cranaodes Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), é considerada uma das principais pragas da macieira no Brasil. Com o objetivo de selecionar inseticidas visando ao controle do inseto, experimentos de laboratório e campo foram conduzidos com clorpirifós-etil (Lorsban 480 CE - 72 g de i.a./100 L), metidatiom (Supracid 400 - 60 g de i.a/100 L), fosmet (Imidan 50 PM - 100 g de i.a./100 L), triclorfom (Dipterex 500 - 150 g de i.a./100 L), tebufenozide (Mimic 240 SC - 21,6 g de i.a./100 L), fenitrotiom (Sumithion 500 CE - 75 g de i.a./100 L) e carbaril (Sevin 850 PM - 153 g de i.a./100 L). Todos os inseticidas provocaram 100% de mortalidade de lagartas recém-eclodidas em laboratório, porém, o controle de lagartas de 4º e 5º ínstar, após seu estabelecimento nas plantas de macieira, somente foi satisfatório com clorpirifós-etil, tebufenozide e triclorfom. A pulverização de clorpirifós-etil, após picos de captura dos machos de B. cranaodes com armadilhas de feromônio sexual resultaram em menos de 1% de frutos danificados na colheita em comparação com 4,6% com tebufenozide, e 9,8% na testemunha.

In vivo distribution and ex vivo permeation of cyclosporine A prodrug aqueous formulations for ocular application.

Cyclosporine A is a poorly water-soluble, immunosuppressive drug used to treat a variety of ocular diseases. Its limited solubility makes challenging the development of a cyclosporine A-based eye drop for ocular topical application. Based on the prodrug strategy, the practically insoluble cyclosporine A was converted into a freely soluble prodrug. Such a water-soluble prodrug made it possible to develop water-based concentrated eye drops. The prodrug formulations were tested for their ex vivo permeation and in vivo distribution at three concentrations (equivalent to 0.05%, 0.50% and 2.00% w/v cyclosporine A). The ex vivo permeation experiments were performed on corneal and conjunctival epithelia. The in vivo distribution evaluated the total cyclosporine A present in the ocular structures as well as in serum, spleen and cervical lymphatic ganglions. Each prodrug formulation was compared to conventionally used cyclosporine A eye drops at an equivalent concentration. The experimental results showed that the tested eye drops behaved differently. The prodrug formulation was characterized by the following: i) preferential conjunctival penetration, ii) an interesting capacity to create large tissue deposits and iii) a lower risk of systemic complications and immunosuppression. The prodrug aqueous eye drop was demonstrated to be a patient-friendly option for the treatment of ocular diseases requiring high ocular levels of cyclosporine A, pushing the boundaries of the current therapeutic arsenal.