Can the Cardiopulmonary 6-Minute Walk Test Reproduce the Usual Activities of Patients with Heart Failure?

OBJECTIVE: The 6-minute walk test is an way of assessing exercise capacity and predicting survival in heart failure. The 6-minute walk test was suggested to be similar to that of daily activities. We investigated the effect of motivation during the 6-minute walk test in heart failure. METHODS: We studied 12 males, age 45±12 years, ejection fraction 23±7%, and functional class III. Patients underwent the following tests: maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on the treadmill (max), cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test with the walking rhythm maintained between relatively easy and slightly tiring (levels 11 and 13 on the Borg scale) (6EB), and cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test using the usual recommendations (6RU). The 6EB and 6RU tests were performed on a treadmill with zero inclination and control of the velocity by the patient. RESULTS: The values obtained in the max, 6EB, and 6RU tests were, respectively, as follows: O2 consumption (ml.kg-1.min-1) 15.4±1.8, 9.8±1.9 (60±10%), and 13.3±2.2 (90±10%); heart rate (bpm) 142±12, 110±13 (77±9%), and 126±11 (89±7%); distance walked (m) 733±147, 332±66, and 470±48; and respiratory exchange ratio (R) 1.13±0.06, 0.9±0.06, and 1.06±0.12. Significant differences were observed in the values of the variables cited between the max and 6EB tests, the max and 6RU tests, and the 6EB and 6RU tests (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients, who undergo the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test and are motivated to walk as much as they possibly can, usually walk almost to their maximum capacity, which may not correspond to that of their daily activities. The use of the Borg scale during the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test seems to better correspond to the metabolic demand of the usual activities in this group of patients.

Percutaneous Stent Implantation for Treating Multivessel Coronary Disease in Patients with and without Involvement of the Proximal Segment of the Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

OBJECTIVE: To assess coronary stent placement in patients with multivessel coronary disease and involvement of the proximal portion of the anterior descending coronary artery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the in-hospital and late evolution of 189 patients with multivessel coronary disease, who underwent percutaneous coronary stent placement. These patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: group I (GI) - 59 patients with involvement of the proximal segment of the anterior descending coronary artery; and group II (GII) - 130 patients without involvement of the proximal segment of the anterior descending coronary artery. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in the success rate of the procedure (91.5% versus 97.6%, p=0.86), nor in the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (5.1% versus 1.5%, p=0.38), nor in the occurrence of major vascular complications (1.7% versus 0%, p=0.69) in the in-hospital phase. In the late follow-up, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (15.4% versus 13.7%, p=0.73) and the need for new revascularization (13.5% versus 10.3%, p=0.71) were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION: The in-hospital and late evolution of patients with multivessel coronary disease with and without involvement of the proximal segment of the anterior descending coronary artery treated with coronary stent placement did not differ. This suggests that this revascularization method is an effective procedure and a valuable option for treating these types of patients.

Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide inactivation in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of endogenous estrogens on the bioavailability of nitric oxide (·NO) and in the formation of lipid peroxidation products in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: NOx and S-nitrosothiols were determined by gaseous phase chemiluminescence, nitrotyrosine was determined by ELISA, COx (cholesterol oxides) by gas chromatography, and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides (CE18:2-OOH), trilinolein (TG18:2-OOH), and phospholipids (PC-OOH) by HPLC in samples of plasma. RESULTS: The concentrations of NOx, nitrotyrosine, COx, CE18:2-OOH, and PC-OOH were higher in the postmenopausal period (33.8±22.3 mM; 230±130 nM; 55±19 ng/mL; 17±8.7 nM; 2775±460 nM, respectively) as compared with those in the premenopausal period (21.1±7.3 mM; 114±41 nM; 31±13 ng/mL; 6±1.4 nM; 1635±373 nM). In contrast, the concentration of S-nitrosothiols was lower in the postmenopausal period (91±55 nM) as compared with that in the premenopausal p in the premenopausal period (237±197 nM). CONCLUSION: In the postmenopausal period, an increase in nitrotyrosine and a reduction of S-nitrosothiol formation, as well as an increase of COx, CE18:2-OOH and PC-OOH formation occurs. Therefore, •NO inactivation and the increase in lipid peroxidation may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and to the greater risk for atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in a rural community in the Brazilian state of Bahia

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in the rural community of Cavunge, in the Brazilian state of Bahia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 160 individuals (age > 19 years) randomly drawn from those listed in the population census of the Cavunge Project. The following parameters were studied: arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, smoking, waist-hip ratio (WHR), physical activity, and overall cardiovascular risk classified according to the Framingham score. The assessing parameters used were those established by the III Brazilian Consensus on Hypertension and the II Brazilian Consensus on Dyslipidemia. RESULTS: Of the randomly drawn individuals, 126 with a mean age of 46.6 + 19.7 years were included in the study, 43.7% of whom were males. The frequency of arterial hypertension was 36.5%; 20.4% of the individuals had cholesterol levels >240 mg/dL; 31.1% of the individuals had LDL-C levels > 130 mg/dL; 4% were diabetic; and 39.7% had a high-risk Framingham score. Abdominal obesity was observed in 41.3% of the population and in 57.7% of the females. High caloric-expenditure (HCE) physical activities were performed by 56.5% of the individuals. The HCE group had a greater frequency of normal triglyceride levels (63% vs 44%; P=0.05), no diabetes, and WHR tending towards normal (46% vs 27%, P=0.08) as compared with those in the low caloric-expenditure group. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, are frequently found in rural communities. The greatest frequency of normal triglyceride levels and normal WHR in the HCE group reinforces the association between greater caloric expenditure and a better risk profile.

The influence of patient's consciousness regarding high blood pressure and patient's attitude in face of disease controlling medicine intake

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between blood pressure control and the following: the Morisky-Green test, the patient's consciousness regarding high blood pressure, the patient's attitude in face of medicine intake, the patient's attendance at medical consultations, and the subjective physician's judgment. METHODS: We studied 130 hypertensive patients with the following characteristics: 73% females, 60±11 years, 58% married, 70% white, 45% retired, 45% with incomplete elementary schooling, 64% had a familial income of 1 to 3 minimum wages, body mass index of 30±7 kg/m², consciousness regarding the disease for a mean period of 11±9.5 years, and mean treatment duration of 8 ±7 years. RESULTS: Only 35% of the hypertensive individuals had blood pressure under control and a longer duration of treatment (10±7 vs 7±6.5 years; P<0.05). The retiree predominated. The result of the Morisky-Green test did not relate to blood pressure control. In evaluating the attitude in face of medicine intake, the controlled patients achieved significantly higher scores than did the noncontrolled patients (8±1.9 vs 7 ±2, P<0.05). The hypertensive patients had higher levels of consciousness regarding their disease and its treatment, and most (70%) patients attended 3 or 4 medical consultations, which did not influence blood pressure control. The physicians attributed significantly higher scores regarding adherence to treatment to controlled patients (6±0.8 vs 5±1.2; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Consciousness regarding the disease, the Morisky-Green test, and attendance to medical consultations did not influence blood pressure control.

Intrauterine ductus arteriosus constriction: analysis of a historic cohort of 20 cases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relative incidence, presentation, and evolvement of fetuses with early ductus constriction. METHODS: Twenty fetal echocardiograms indicating ductus constriction were reviewed in a population of 7000 pregnants. RESULTS: The cases were divided into group A (related to maternal use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors [n=7] and group B (idiopathics [n=13]). Mean gestational age was 32.5±3.1 (27-38) weeks and maternal age was 28.2±8.5 (17-42) years. Mean systolic velocity in the ductus was 2.22±0.34 (1.66-2.81) m/s, diastolic velocity 0.79±0.28 (0.45-1.5) m/s, and pulsatility index 1.33±0.36 (0.52-1.83). Two cases of ductal occlusion were noted. In 65% of the cases, an increase occurred in the right cavities; in 90% of the cases, tricuspid or pulmonary regurgitation, or both, occurred, with functional pulmonary atresia in 1 case. Diastolic velocity was greater in group A (1.13±0.33) than in group B (0.68±0.15) (P=0.008). The other data were similar in the 2 groups. The evolvement was not favorable in 4 patients from group B, including 1 death and 2 cases of persistent pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of idiopathic constriction of the ductus arteriosus suggests that its diagnosis is underestimated and that many cases of persistence of fetal circulation in newborns may be related to constriction of the ductus arteriosus not diagnosed during intrauterine life. Group B had a lower severity but a risk of an unfavorable evolvement, suggesting a distinct alteration.

O papel da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido na avaliação da hipertensão reno-vascular: acurácia da técnica direta de avaliação das artérias renais

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido em relação à arteriografia digital por subtração de imagens, na identificação das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas, nas artérias renais. MÉTODOS: Estudados, prospectivamente, pelo exame ultra-sonográfico, 137 artérias renais de 69 pacientes adultos, com suspeita de hipertensão arterial reno-vascular. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados, de maneira duplo-cega, ao estudo arteriográfico digital por subtração de imagens, e calculados a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia geral do exame para critérios previamente definidos. RESULTADOS: Na comparação entre os métodos, excluindo-se os laudos inconclusivos (7 artérias), das 130 artérias restantes, 116 (89,2%) artérias tiveram laudos concordantes e 14 (10,8%) discordantes. Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia geral da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido foram respectivamente 95,33%, 88,14%, 89,86%, 94,55% e 91,94%. CONCLUSÃO: Existiu boa correlação entre os dois exames na avaliação das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas das artérias renais, tornando-se a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido método não invasivo útil na seleção de pacientes com suspeita de hipertensão reno-vascular.

Homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado no tratamento cirúrgico das lesões da valva aórtica: resultados imediatos

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados imediatos, clínicos e ecocardiográficos, com o uso do homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado no tratamento cirúrgico da valva aórtica. MATERIAL: Dezoito pacientes com lesão na valva aórtica receberam homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado, sendo 15 homens, 10 com insuficiência aórtica e oito, estenose aórtica. A idade variou de 18 a 65 (média de 44,5 ± 18,14) anos. Quatro pacientes apresentavam endocardite bacteriana em atividade, 12 estavam em classe funcional II, seis em classe funcional III (NYHA). A função ventricular esquerda era normal em 15 pacientes. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,5% (um paciente), por insuficiência respiratória, os demais receberam alta hospitalar entre o 5° e 8° dia de pós-operatório em classe funcional I. O gradiente transvalvar aórtico máximo, ao ecocardiograma, variou de zero a 30 mmhg, com média de 10,9 ± 9,2 mmhg. Cinco pacientes não apresentavam nenhum grau de refluxo pelo homoenxerto, 11 (61,1%) tinham refluxo mínimo e dois apresentavam refluxo leve. O tempo de circulação extracorpórea variou de 130 a 220 (média de 183,9 ± 36,7) minutos. O tempo de pinçamento da aorta variou de 102 a 168 (média de 139,14 ± 25,10) minutos. O sangramento no pós-operatório variou 210 a 1220 ml, com média de 511,4 ± 335,1 ml e não houve reoperações. O tempo de intubação orotraqueal variou de 2h e 50min a 17 h com média de 9,14 ± 3,6 h. CONCLUSÃO: O homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado pode ser utilizado rotineiramente com baixa morbi-mortalidade hospitalar.

Características clínicas associadas à evolução desfavorável na miocardiopatia periparto

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as características clínicas de mulheres com diagnóstico prévio de miocardiopatia periparto e verificar as características associadas à evolução desfavorável. MÉTODOS: Variáveis clínicas, obstétricas e ecocardiográficas foram estudadas em 12 pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto, avaliadas no momento do diagnóstico e em consulta atual, quando foram divididas em dois grupos: GF (n= 6, sem alterações cardíacas) e GD (n= 6, com cardiomegalia e disfunção ventricular persistentes). As comparações foram feitas com o teste "t" de Student e exato de Fisher (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: No diagnóstico, a idade média das pacientes (8 brancas e 4 negras/pardas) foi de 24±7,4 anos; todas em classe funcional IV (NYHA) e 8 relataram hipertensão gestacional ou pré-eclâmpsia. A mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 25 meses. Dez pacientes evoluíram para classe funcional I/II. A comparação entre os grupos mostrou GD com menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (0,30±0,05 vs. 0,58±0,09; p<0,001) e maior diâmetro sistólico do VE (58±5mm vs. 46±3mm; p<0,001), no momento do diagnóstico. A evolução desfavorável foi mais frequente entre as pardas (p=0,01). Na avaliação atual o GD apresentou menor espessura relativa da parede (0,13±0,02 vs. 0,17±0,02; p< 0,05) e maior massa do VE (283±90g vs. 186±41g; p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto prévia apresentam evolução desfavorável associada à raça negra e alterações cardíacas iniciais mais acentuadas e a evolução favorável está associada à redução da massa miocárdica e aumento da espessura relativa da parede ventricular.

Estudo prospectivo da morbi-mortalidade precoce e tardia da cirurgia do aneurisma da aorta abdominal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, prospectivamente, a morbidade e mortalidade precoce e tardia de pacientes submetidos a correção cirúrgica eletiva de aneurisma de aorta abdominal infra-renal e determinar os preditores independentes de eventos cardiológicos. MÉTODOS: Estudados 130 pacientes durante seis anos consecutivos, submetidos a rotina de avaliação pré-operatória padronizada e cirúrgica, sempre pela mesma equipe clínica, cirúrgica e anestesiológica. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 3,1% (4 pacientes), sendo a principal causa de óbito isquemia mesentérica, ocorrida em três pacientes. Houve 48 (37%) complicações não-operatórias, 8,5% consistiram em complicações cardíacas e 28,5% em complicações não cardíacas. As complicações pulmonares foram as mais comuns, ocorridas em 14 (10,8%) pacientes. A sobrevida no 1º, 3º e 6º ano pós-operatório foi, respectivamente, de 95%, 87% e 76%. As variáveis que se correlacionaram significativamente com a morbimortalidade foram preditor clínico, idade média de 70,5 anos, presença de insuficiência cardíaca e insuficiência renal crônica. Não foi identificado nenhum preditor de morbimortalidade tardia. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de ser uma cirurgia considerada de alta complexidade, a mortalidade é baixa, as complicações cardíacas são de pequena monta e os pacientes apresentam boa evolução a longo prazo.