Efeito de alguns pré-tratamentos na digestão anaeróbia mesofílica de resíduos de casca de batata

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energias Renováveis – Conversão Elétrica e Utilização Sustentáveis

The Oncological and Functional Risks of the Organ Preservation Experimental Treatment Approach

We increasingly face conservative surgery for rectal cancer and even the so called ‘wait and see’ approach, as far as 10–20% patients can reach a complete pathological response at the time of surgery. But what can we say to our patients about risks? Standard surgery with mesorectal excision gives a <2% local recurrence with a post operative death rate of 2–8% (may reach 30% at 6 months in those over 85), but low AR has some deterioration in bowel function and in low cancer a permanent stoma may be required. Also a long-term impact on urinary and sexual function is possible. Distant metastasis rate seem to be identical in the standard and conservative approach. It is difficult to evaluate conservative approach because a not clear standardization of surgery for low rectal cancer. Rullier et al tried to clarify, and they found identical results for recurrence (5–9%), disease free survival (70%) at 5y for coloanal anastomosis and intersphinteric resection. Other series have found local recurrence higher than with standard approach and functional results may be worse and, in some situations, salvage therapy is compromised or has more complications. In this context, functional outcomes are very important but most studies are incomplete in measuring bowel function in the context of conservative approach. In 2005 Temple et al made a survey of 122/184 patient after sphinter preserving surgery and found a 96.9% of incomplete evacuation, 94.4% clustering, 93.2% food affecting frequency, 91.8% gas incontinence and proposed a systematic evaluation with a specific questionnaire. In which concerns ‘Wait and see’ approach for complete clinical responders, it was first advocated by Habr Gama for tumors up to 7cm, with a low locoregional failure of 4.6%, 5y overall survival 96%, 72% for disease free survival; one fifth of patients failed in the first year; a Dutch trial had identical results but others had worse recurrence rates; in other series 25% of patients could not be salvaged even with APR; 30% have subsequent metastatic disease what seems equal for ‘wait and see’ and operated patients. In a recent review Glynne Jones considers that all the evaluated ‘wait and see’ studies are heterogeneous in staging, inclusion criteria, design and follow up after chemoradiation and that there is the suggestion that patients who progress while under observation fare worse than those resected. He proposes long-term observational studies with more uniform inclusion criteria. We are now facing a moment where we may be more aggressive in early cancer and neoadjuvant treatment to be more conservative in the subsequent treatment but we need a better stratification of patients, better evaluation of results and more clear prognostic markers.

Eventos Adversos na Prestação de Cuidados Hospitalares em Portugal no Ano de 2008

Introdução: A criação pela Organização Mundial de Saúde da World Alliance for Patient Safety em 2004, é resultado da preocupação crescente face ao domínio da segurança do doente, sendo a ocorrência de erros reconhecida como um grande problema de saúde pública e uma ameaça à qualidade dos cuidados prestados. Objectivo, material e métodos: Tendo por base os códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças, 9.ª Revisão, Modificação Clínica (subclasses 996-999, E870-E876 e E878-879), esta investigação procurou conhecer a dimensão dos eventos adversos, decorrentes da prestação de cuidados de saúde nos hospitais públicos de Portugal Continental, relatados no sistema de classificação de doentes em Grupos de Diagnóstico Homogéneo, no ano de 2008. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados revelaram a ocorrência de eventos adversos em 2,5% dos episódios de internamento hospitalar, surgindo na sua maioria como diagnósticos secundários de internamento. A frequência de eventos adversos foi ligeiramente superior nos indivíduos do sexo masculino (2,6%) quando comparada com o sexo feminino (2,4%). A idade dos indivíduos com eventos adversos é em média cinco anos superior à dos restantes indivíduos. O tempo de internamento nos casos de eventos adversos foi em média 4,14 vezes superior quando comparado com o tempo médio de internamento dos restantes episódios. Foi possível também estimar que os custos associados a eventos adversos correspondam a cerca de 4.436€ por episódio de internamento, tendo como referência o custo unitário total por dia de hospitalização no Serviço Nacional de Saúde. A frequência de destino após alta para outra instituição com internamento foi 2,5 vezes superior nos casos de eventos adversos, enquanto o número de falecimentos foi 2,44 vezes superior, quando comparados com os restantes episódios de internamento. Verificou-se ainda que o destino após alta para o domicílio foi menos frequente nos episódios com eventos adversos. As diferenças de frequência de eventos adversos por região foram ligeiras, sendo superior na região centro (3,0%) e inferior na região do Alentejo (1,7%). Conclusão: Os dados sugerem que a ocorrência de eventos adversos possa estar associada a períodos de internamento mais prolongados, maiores custos e maior mortalidade. A frequência de eventos adversos foi maior em indivíduos mais velhos e a diferença entre sexo ou região hospitalar não se mostrou substancial. Neste sentido, é urgente conhecer o real impacto dos eventos adversos, nomeadamente em indicadores como morbilidade e mortalidade dos portugueses.

Serum Trace Elements in Dysphagic Gastrostomy Candidates Before Endoscopic Gastrostomy for Long Term Enteral Feeding

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients who underwent endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) present protein-energy malnutrition, but little is known about Trace Elements (TE), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Selenium (Se), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr). Our aim was the evaluation of serum TE in patients who underwent PEG and its relationship with serum proteins, BMI and nature of underlying disorder. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed collecting: patient's age, gender, underlying disorder, NRS-2002, BMI, serum albumin, transferrin and TE concentration. We used ferrozine colorimetric method for Fe; Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Zn/Cu; Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Se/Cr. The patients were divided into head and neck cancer (HNC) and neurological dysphagia (ND). RESULTS: 146 patients (89 males), 21-95 years: HNC-56; ND-90. Low BMI in 78. Low values mostly for Zn (n = 122) and Fe (n = 69), but less for Se (n = 31), Cu (n = 16), Cr (n = 7); low albumin in 77, low transferrin in 94 and 66 with both proteins low. Significant differences between the groups of underlying disease only for Zn (t140.326 = -2,642, p < 0.01) and a correlation between proteins and TE respectively albumin and Zn (r = 0.197, p = 0.025), and albumin and Fe (r = 0.415, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: When gastrostomy was performed, patients display low serum TE namely Zn, but also Fe, less striking regarding others TE. It was related with prolonged fasting, whatever the underlying disease. Low proteins were associated with low TE. Teams taking care of PEG-patients should use Zn supplementation and include other TE evaluation as part of the nutritional assessment of PEG candidates.

Quimioprofilaxia da malária com mefloquina na amazônia brasileira

Em estudo randômico dupb-cego, 122 voluntários morando em área endêmica de malária na Região Amazônica (Estado de Rondônia) foram divididos em quatro grupos para estudo da supressão malárica. O grupo 1 recebeu 500mg de mefloquina a cada quatro semanas; o grupo II 250mg de mefloquina a cada duas semanas; o grupo III um comprimido de Fansidar (500mg de sulfadoxina + 25mg de pirimetamina) por semana e o grupo IV, recebeu apenas placebo. Um ataque agudo de malária ocorreu em um indivíduo do grupo 1, em dois indivíduos do grupo II e em seis indivíduos dos grupos III e IV. A proteção verificada nos grupos em uso de mefloquina foi significantemente superior comparada ao grupo placebo. A mefloquina, em ambas as dosagens usadas, mostrou-se efetiva na supressão malárica em uma área onde o Plasmodium falciparum plurirresistente é altamente prevalente.

Incidence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in women with high-risk pregnancy and habitual abortions

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite. In pregnant women on the worldwide scale, there are seroprevalences from 7% to 51.3% and in women with abnormal pregnancies and abortions the seroprevalences vary from 17.5% to 52.3%. In Mexico, seropositivity has been found to vary from 18.2% to 44.8% in women with abnormal deliveries or abortions. This study's aim was to determine the incidence oflgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in women at the Gineco-Obstetrics Hospital of the Western Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Three hundred and fifty women with high-risk pregnancies were studied, and 122 (34.9%) were found to be IgG seropositive and 76 (20.7%) were IgM positive. In one group of women with habitual abortions there were 48 (44.9%) with the preseiwe of IgG antibodies and 33 (33-3%) were IgM seropositive. Seropositivity was analyzed according to age, occupation, socio-economic level, eating raw or poorly cooked meat, and living with cats.

Promoting healthy eating standards on children through CSR educational programs: An evaluation of impact on eating preferences, attitude towards the brand and perceived brand reputation

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics