Good practice in reviewing and publishing studies on herbal medicine, with special emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese materia medica

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Studies on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), like those of other systems of traditional medicine (TM), are very variable in their quality, content and focus, resulting in issues around their acceptability to the global scientific community. In an attempt to address these issues, an European Union funded FP7 consortium, composed of both Chinese and European scientists and named “Good practice in traditional Chinese medicine” (GP-TCM), has devised a series of guidelines and technical notes to facilitate good practice in collecting, assessing and publishing TCM literature as well as highlighting the scope of information that should be in future publications on TMs. This paper summarises these guidelines, together with what has been learned through GP-TCM collaborations, focusing on some common problems and proposing solutions. The recommendations also provide a template for the evaluation of other types of traditional medicine such as Ayurveda, Kampo and Unani. Materials and methods: GP-TCM provided a means by which experts in different areas relating to TCM were able to collaborate in forming a literature review good practice panel which operated through e-mail exchanges, teleconferences and focused discussions at annual meetings. The panel involved coordinators and representatives of each GP-TCM work package (WP) with the latter managing the testing and refining of such guidelines within the context of their respective WPs and providing feedback. Results: A Good Practice Handbook for Scientific Publications on TCM was drafted during the three years of the consortium, showing the value of such networks. A “deliverable – central questions – labour division” model had been established to guide the literature evaluation studies of each WP. The model investigated various scoring systems and their ability to provide consistent and reliable semi-quantitative assessments of the literature, notably in respect of the botanical ingredients involved and the scientific quality of the work described. This resulted in the compilation of (i) a robust scoring system and (ii) a set of minimum standards for publishing in the herbal medicines field, based on an analysis of the main problems identified in published TCM literature.

The classification and application of toxic Chinese Materia Medica

Many important drugs in the Chinese materia medica (CMM) are known to be toxic, and it has long been recognized in classical Chinese medical theory that toxicity can arise directly from the components of a single CMM or may be induced by an interaction between combined CMM. Traditional Chinese Medicine presents a unique set of pharmaceutical theories that include particular methods for processing, combining and decocting, and these techniques contribute to reducing toxicity as well as enhancing efficacy. The current classification of toxic CMM drugs, traditional methods for processing toxic CMM and the prohibited use of certain combinations, is based on traditional experience and ancient texts and monographs, but accumulating evidence increasingly supports their use to eliminate or reduce toxicity. Modern methods are now being used to evaluate the safety of CMM; however, a new system for describing the toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may need to be established to take into account those herbs whose toxicity is delayed or otherwise hidden, and which have not been incorporated into the traditional classification. This review explains the existing classification and justifies it where appropriate, using experimental results often originally published in Chinese and previously not available outside China.

Educação à distância sob a ótica de universitários na Grande São Paulo

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul - USCS

A publicidade sob a ótica da hipérbole: o exagero como o argumento retórico

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul - USCS

Identificação dos riscos que levam a infecção do cateter venoso central sob a ótica do enfermeiro durante a assistência de enfermagem

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio de uma pesquisa quantitativa, com a técnica exploratória descritiva simples, usando um questionário com perguntas objetivas, para identificar os riscos que levam a infecção do cateter venoso central, pela equipe de enfermagem, durante sua assistência, sob a ótica do enfermeiro, em uma instituição pública de médio porte na região do ABC. Participaram dessa pesquisa 15 enfermeiros e 53,3% deles informaram ser frequente a incidência de infecção no cateter venoso central e esses assinalaram que essa ocorrência envolve falta técnicas assépticas. 93,3% dos participantes apontaram a realização da troca diária do curativo da inserção do cateter venoso central. A questão da desinfecção do cateter venoso central com algodão ou gaze embebida em álcool 70% previamente a administração de medicações, observou-se que 53,3% assinalaram negativamente e 26,7% que é realizada às vezes. 26,7% responderam que não é realizada nenhuma de proteção durante o banho no cateter e 40% que é feita às vezes. 100% consideram importante o protocolo de troca de curativo do cateter venoso central para redução do índice de infecção relacionado ao cateter venoso central. Concluiu-se, portanto, que há reconhecimento da incidência de infecção decorrente da manipulação do cateter venoso central, tendo como fatores de risco a falta de assepsia, a forma incorreta do curativo e falta de protocolo nos cuidados com o cateter.

Estruturas de governança em redes de cooperativas de crédito sob a ótica da teoria dos custos de transação: um estudo comparativo entre cooperativas brasileiras e canadenses

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul