Grain entrainment and transport rates of magnetic minerals of coastal sediment samples from the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

Heavy (magnetic & non-magnetic) minerals are found concentrated by natural processes in many fluvial, estuarine, coastal and shelf environments with a potential to form economic placer deposits. Understanding the processes of heavy mineral transport and enrichment is prerequisite to interpret sediment magnetic properties in terms of hydro- and sediment dynamics. In this study, we combine rock magnetic and sedimentological laboratory measurements with numerical 3D discrete element models to investigate differential grain entrainment and transport rates of magnetic minerals in a range of coastal environments (riverbed, mouth, estuary, beach and near-shore). We analyzed grain-size distributions of representative bulk samples and their magnetic mineral fractions to relate grain-size modes to respective transport modes (traction, saltation, suspension). Rock magnetic measurements showed that distribution shapes, population sizes and grain-size offsets of bulk and magnetic mineral fractions hold information on the transport conditions and enrichment process in each depositional environment. A downstream decrease in magnetite grain size and an increase in magnetite concentration was observed from riverine source to marine sink environments. Lower flow velocities permit differential settling of light and heavy mineral grains creating heavy mineral enriched zones in estuary settings, while lighter minerals are washed out further into the sea. Numerical model results showed that higher heavy mineral concentrations in the bed increased the erosion rate and enhancing heavy mineral enrichment. In beach environments where sediments contained light and heavy mineral grains of equivalent grain sizes, the bed was found to be more stable with negligible amount of erosion compared to other bed compositions. Heavy mineral transport rates calculated for four different bed compositions showed that increasing heavy mineral content in the bed decreased the transport rate. There is always a lag in transport between light and heavy minerals which increases with higher heavy mineral concentration in all tested bed compositions. The results of laboratory experiments were validated by numerical models and showed good agreement. We demonstrate that the presented approach bears the potential to investigate heavy mineral enrichment processes in a wide range of sedimentary settings.

Median grain size and distribution of sand in ODP Hole 108-660A (Fig. 5)

50 m of Middle Eocene pure radiolarian ooze were drilled at ODP Site 660 in the equatorial East Atlantic, 80 km northeast of the Kane Gap. The oozes comprise a 10 m high and 2 km broad mound of seismic reverberations, covered by manganese-rich sediment, and contain trace amounts of sponge spicules and diatoms, negligible organic carbon (0.15%), clay, and variable amounts of pyrite. The yellow to pale brown silty sediments are relatively coarse-grained (30-45% coarser than 6 µm), little bioturbated, and commonly massive or laminated on a cm-scale. The unlithified radiolarian ooze may indicate an interval of high oceanic productivity, probably linked to a palaeoposition of Site 660 close to the equatorial upwelling belt during Middle Eocene time. The absence of organic matter, however, and both the laminated bedding and the mound-like structure of the deposit on the lower slope of a continental rise indicate deposition by relatively intense contour currents of oxygen-rich deep water, which passed through the Kane Gap, winnowed the fine clay fraction, and prevented the preservation of organic carbon. The ooze may be either a contourite-lag deposit, or a contourite accumulation of displaced radiolarians, originating south of the Kane Gap and being deposited in its northern lee, thus documenting the passage of a strong cross-equatorial bottom-water current formed near Antarctica. These Eocene contourites may be an analogue for ancient radiolarites in the Tethyan Ocean.

Magnetic properties, grain sizes and minerals at DSDP Site 83-504B

Twenty-seven samples from the Leg 83 section of Hole 504B have been investigated using magnetic, optical, and electron optical methods. The primary magnetic mineral to crystallize was titanomagnetite of approximate composition Fe2.4Ti0.6O4 (TM60), but none survives, nor is there evidence of titanomaghemite produced by oxidation of TM60. The average measured magnetic properties can be interpreted in terms of magnetite, Fe3O4, having average grain size of <1 µm and present in average volume concentration of - 0.5%. The intensity of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of the rocks could also be accounted for as being a thermoremanence carried by this mineral. Although the heterogeneity of the titanomagnetite grains could be detected optically, the texture of the intergrown phases is poorly developed. In some samples from the massive units of the lower part of the section, trellis patterns were visible. The Fe3O4 present in the intergrowths is too intimately mixed with the other intergrown phases to be revealed by electron microprobe analysis that simply returns the bulk composition of the intergrowth (oxidized TM60). The path by which the mineral assemblage evolved from TM60 to an Fe304-containing intergrowth, under the temperature and pressure conditions obtaining in the Leg 83 section, makes interesting speculation. Deuteric oxidation, maghemitization/inversion, or some hypothetical low-temperature/high-pressure oxidation by a leaching-of-iron process may all play roles.

Mineralogical and grain size analysis of ODP Hole 119-745B from the Southern Ocean

The upper Miocene to Pleistocene sediments recovered at ODP Sites 745 and 746 in the Australian-Antarctic Basin are characterized by cyclic facies changes. Sedimentological investigations of a detailed Quaternary section reveal that facies A is dominated by a high content of siliceous microfossils, a relatively low terrigenous sediment content, an ice-rafted component, low concentrations of fine sediment particles, and a relatively high smectite content. This facies corresponds to interglacial sedimentary conditions. Facies B, in contrast, is characteristic of glacial conditions and is dominated by a large amount of terrigenous material and a smaller opaline component. There is also a prominent ice-rafted component. The microfossils commonly are reworked and broken. The clay mineral assemblages show higher proportions of glacially derived illite and chlorite. A combination of four different processes, attributed to glacial-interglacial cycles, was responsible for the cyclic facies changes during Quaternary time: transport by gravity, ice, and current and changes in primary productivity. Of great importance was the movement of the grounding line of the ice shelves, which directly influenced the intensity of ice rafting and of gravitational sediment transport to the deep sea. The extension of the ice shelves was also responsible for the generation of cold and erosive Antarctic Bottom Water, which controlled the grain-size distribution, particularly of the fine fraction, in the investigated area.

Clay mineraology and grain size composition of surface sediments from South Pacific Ocean

The reconstruction of low-latitude ocean-atmosphere interactions is one of the major issues of (paleo-)environmental studies. The trade winds, extending over 20° to 30° of latitude in both hemispheres, between the subtropical highs and the intertropical convergence zone, are major components of the atmospheric circulation and little is known about their long-term variability on geological time-scales, in particular in the Pacific sector. We present the modern spatial pattern of eolian-derived marine sediments in the eastern equatorial and subtropical Pacific (10°N to 25°S) as a reference data set for the interpretation of SE Pacific paleo-dust records. The terrigenous silt and clay fractions of 75 surface sediment samples have been investigated for their grain-size distribution and clay-mineral compositions, respectively, to identify their provenances and transport agents. Dust delivered to the southeast Pacific from the semi- to hyper-arid areas of Peru and Chile is rather fine-grained (4-8 µm) due to low-level transport within the southeast trade winds. Nevertheless, wind is the dominant transport agent and eolian material is the dominant terrigenous component west of the Peru-Chile Trench south of ~ 5°S. Grain-size distributions alone are insufficient to identify the eolian signal in marine sediments due to authigenic particle formation on the sub-oceanic ridges and abundant volcanic glass around the Galapagos Islands. Together with the clay-mineral compositions of the clay fraction, we have identified the dust lobe extending from the coasts of Peru and Chile onto Galapagos Rise as well as across the equator into the doldrums. Illite is a very useful parameter to identify source areas of dust in this smectite-dominated study area.

Carbonate and bulk grain-size record for ODP Leg 130 holes

A major goal of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 130 was to drill four sites down the northeastern flank of the Ontong Java Plateau to collect a series of continuous sedimentary sequences that would provide a depth transect of Neogene sediments. In particular, the study of the sediments recovered along the depth transect is expected to yield high-resolution stratigraphic, geochemical, and physical properties records across intervals of major paleoceanographic changes by evaluating variations of primary sedimentological and paleoceanographic indicators (e.g., carbonates, isotopes, grain size, microfossil assemblages, etc.). This data report presents the results of highresolution (3-5 Ka sample intervals) analyses of carbonate concentration and bulk sediment grain size at Sites 803-806 for the time interval from 2 Ma to the present.

Grain size analyses of ODP Leg 178 sites

Sites 1095, 1096, and 1101 were drilled on the continental rise west of the Antarctic Peninsula (Fig. F1) to recover a continuous high-resolution record of Antarctic glaciation. Site 1095 is the subject of a short paper in this volume (Pudsey, 2001, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.214.2001), whereas mass accumulation rates at the three sites are described by Wolf-Welling (2001, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.223.2001) and ice-rafted debris at Site 1101 is discussed by Cowan (2001, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.178.206.2001) This report documents grain-size data (sand and fine fraction) and the proportion of biogenic silica for the upper 300 m at Site 1095, the upper 250 m at Site 1096, and the whole 220 m at Site 1101.

Grain size composition of marine and river bottom sediments

According to average grain size parameters (Kd, Kd1) recent sediments from the northern Caspian Sea and the Barents Sea shelf are similar, while sediments from the Norwegian Sea are closer to their counterparts of the World Ocean. Seaward content of subcolloidal (<0.001 mm) size fraction increases against the background of decreasing proportions of coarse- and medium-grained pelite (<0.01 mm) material.

Grain size analyses of ODP Leg 116 holes

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 116 cored the distal part of the Bengal Fan at three closely spaced sites (717-719). The recovered sediments consisted dominantly of turbidites that varied in thickness between a few centimeters and 2 m or more. A number of different facies have been identified in the sequence and are described by Stow et al. (1990, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.116.110.1990). Representative examples of these facies types were selected and sampled for grain-size analysis. The results of these analyses are tabulated in this data report.