Monitoring of praseodymium(III) ions in aqueous solutions, soil and sediment samples by a PVC membrane sensor based on a furan-triazole derivative

A furan-triazole derivative has been explored as an ionophore for preparation of a highly selective Pr(III) membrane sensor. The proposed sensor exhibits a Nernstian response for Pr(III) activity over a wide concentration range with a detection limit of 5.2×10-8 M. Its response is independent of pH of the solution in the range 3.0-8.8 and offers the advantages of fast response time. To investigate the analytical applicability of the sensor, it was applied successfully as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Pr(III) solution and also in the direct and indirect determination of trace Pr(III) ions in some samples.

Spectrophotometric determination of Sudan Blue II in environmental samples after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure coupled to spectrophotometry is described for the determination of the trace levels of Sudan Blue II. Analytical parameters, such as pH, volume of extraction solvent (carbon tetrachloride), volume of dispersant (ethanol), volume of sample, and extraction time, were optimized. Matrix effects were also investigated. Preconcentration factor was found to be 200. Detection limit and relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.55 µg L-1 and 3.9%, respectively. The procedure was successfully used for the determination of trace levels of Sudan Blue II in food, ink, antifreeze, and industrial waste-water samples.

Design of an adsorbent employing activated carbon fiber to remove lead

Zorflex® activated carbon fibers (ACF), reference FM100 198B, are used before and after an oxidizing procedure with H3PO4 to study the adsorption of Pb2+. The point of zero charge was determined for the modified and unmodified fiber giving values of 2.3 and 4.3, respectively. After oxidizing the ACF, the fiber showed to have a greater Pb2+ adsorption capacity in comparison with the unmodified fiber, which is related with the acid sites increase, where lead was mainly adsorbed. Determination of the BET area was carried out by nitrogen physisorption at 77K. ACFs presented superficial areas between 1000 and 1500 m²/g showing mostly, a microporous structure. The preliminary design of an adsorbent using the modified fiber is presented where the fiber superior physicochemical properties over the unmodified one are observed.

Carbon sequestration and nutrient reserves under differen t land use systems

This study evaluated the contribution of agroforestry (AFS) and traditional systems to carbon sequestration and nutrient reserves in plants, litter and soil. The study was carried out in the semiarid region of Brazil in a long-term experiment on an experimental farm of the goat and sheep section of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). Two agroforestry systems were investigated: agrosilvopastoral (ASP) and forest-pasture areas (SP) as well as traditional agriculture management (TM), two areas left fallow after TM (six fallow years - F6 and nine fallow years - F9) and one area of preserved Caatinga vegetation (CAT). Soil, litter and plants were sampled from all areas and the contents of C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg per compartment determined. The AFS (ASP and SP) had higher nutrient stocks than the traditional and intermediate stocks compared to the preserved Caatinga. In the ASP, a relevant part of the nutrients extracted by crops is returned to the system by constant inputs of litter, weeding of herbaceous vegetation and cutting of the legume crops. After fallow periods of six and nine years, carbon and nutrient stocks in the compartments soil, litter and herbaceous plants were similar to those of the preserved Caatinga (CAT), but still lower than under natural conditions in the woody vegetation.

Soil organic matter pools in a tropical savanna under agroforestry system in Northeastern Brazil

This study aimed at quantifying total organic carbon stocks and its pools in Acrisol under agroforestry systems with six (AFS6) and thirteen years old (AFS13), slash-and-burn agriculture (SBA) and savanna native forest (SNF) in northeastern Brazil. Soil samples were collected at 0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m depths in the dry and rainy seasons to evaluate total organic carbon (TOC) stocks and labile carbon (LC), fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF), humic acid fraction (C-HAF), humin (C-HF) and microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) contents. Additionally, carbon management index (CMI) was determined. Higher TOC stocks (97.7 and 81.8 Mg ha-1 for the 0-0.40 m depth in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively) and LC, humic substances and Cmic contents were observed in the AFS13 in all the depths. CMI also was higher in the AFS13 (0-0. 05 m: 158 and 86; 0.05-0.10 m: 171 and 67, respectively for the dry and rainy seasons) especially when compared to the SBA (0-0.05 m: 5.6 and 5.4; 0.05-0.10 m: 5.3 and 5.8, respectively for dry and rainy seasons). The agroforestry systems increased soil quality through the conservation of organic matter and can be considered an excellent strategy to assurance sustainability in tropical soil of Northeastern Brazil

SOIL COVER AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN OXISOL IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BIOME

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of different soil cover in a Oxisol with a strong wavy relief in the Atlantic Forest Biome, in which were selected three watersheds, employed with grazing (watershed P), forest (watershed M) and coffee (watershed C). Deformed and not deformed samples were collected in three depths for physical and chemical characterization. The chemical characteristics of soil in different watershed studies presented low levels of fertility. It was observed an elevation of pH in the soil and contents of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the watersheds P and C in relation to the watershed M. Due to deforestation and the establishment of agriculture and livestock, there was a decrease in the contents of soil organic matter in the watershed P and C, not altering the physical characteristics of the soil in the watershed P. The implementation of coffee plantation is causing a reduction in the soil quality of watershed C in comparison to the watershed P and M, therefore indicating a need to adequate soil management in this area.

Development of capacitive sensor for measuring soil water content

The irrigation management based on the monitoring of the soil water content allows for the minimization of the amount of water applied, making its use more efficient. Taking into account these aspects, in this work, a sensor for measuring the soil water content was developed to allow real time automation of irrigation systems. This way, problems affecting crop yielding such as irregularities in the time to turn on or turn off the pump, and excess or deficit of water can be solved. To develop the sensors were used stainless steel rods, resin, and insulating varnish. The sensors measuring circuit was based on a microcontroller, which gives its output signal in the digital format. The sensors were calibrated using soil of the type “Quartzarenic Neosoil”. A third order polynomial model was fitted to the experimental data between the values of water content corresponding to the field capacity and the wilting point to correlate the soil water content obtained by the oven standard method with those measured by the electronic circuit, with a coefficient of determination of 93.17%, and an accuracy in the measures of ±0.010 kg kg-1. Based on the results, it was concluded that the sensor and its implemented measuring circuit can be used in the automation process of irrigation systems.

Soil CO2 emission as related to incorporation of sugarcane crop residues and aggregate breaking after rotary tiller

Soil tillage is a process that accelerates soil organic matter decomposition transferring carbon to atmosphere, mainly in the CO2 form. In this study, the effect of rotary tillage on soil CO2 emission was investigated, including the presence of crop residues on the surface.Emissions were evaluated during 15 days after tillage in 3 plots: 1) non-tilled and without crop residues on soil surface (NTwo), 2) rotary tiller without the presence of crop residues on soil surface (RTwo), and 3) rotary tiller with the presence of crop residues in soil surface (RTw). Emissions from the RTw plot were higher than the other plots, (0.777 g CO2 m-2 h-1), with the lowest emissions recorded in the NTwo plot (0.414 g CO2 m-2 h-1). Total emission indicates that the difference of C-CO2 emitted to atmosphere corresponds to 3% of the total additional carbon in the crop residues in the RTw plot compared to RTwo. The increase in the RTwo emission in comparison to NTwo was followed by changes in the aggregate size distribution, especially those with average diameter lower than 2 mm. The increase in emission from the RTw plot in relation to RTwo was related to a decrease in crop residue mass on the surface, and its higher fragmentation and incorporation in soil. When the linear correlation between soil CO2 emission, and soil temperature and soil moisture is considered, only the RTw treatment showed significant correlation (p<0.05) with soil moisture.

Mineraalisen rakennusjätteen hyötykäyttö maarakentamisessa

Työn tavoitteena on osoittaa betonimurskeen ympäristökelpoisuus maarakennuskäytössä sekä vertailla betonimurskeen ja luonnonmateriaalien elinkaaren aikaisia ympäristövaikutuksia maarakentamisessa. Teoriaosassa käsitellään betonimurskeen maarakennuskäyttöön vaikuttavaa lainsäädäntöä ja sen mahdollisia ympäristövaikutuksia. Lisäksi käydään läpi neitseellisten maarakennusmate-riaalien otosta aiheutuvia ympäristövaikutuksia. Työn kokeellinen osa koostuu kahdesta osasta: materiaalien haitallisten aineiden liukoisuuden mää-rityksistä ja elinkaariarvioinnista. Liukoisuuden määritykset tehtiin kenttäkokeina luonnonolosuhteissa Lahden tiede- ja yrityspuisto Oy:n Jokimaan pilot-luokan maaperätutkimuskeskuksessa. Lisäksi liukoisuudet määritettiin laboratoriossa valtioneuvoston asetuksen eräiden jätteiden hyödyntämisestä maarakentamisessa vaatimusten mukaisesti. Elinkaariarvioinnissa vertailtiin betonimursketta neitseellisiin maarakennusmateriaaleihin skenaarioissa, jotka sisälsivät materiaalin valmistuksen ja kuljetuksen käyttökohteeseen. Neitseellisiä materiaaleja käytettäessä oletettiin, että betoni loppusijoitetaan kaatopaikalle. Elinkaariarvioinnissa käytettiin Gabi-elinkaarimallinnusohjelmaa ja skenaarioita vertailtiin hiilidioksidiekvivalenttipäästöihin. Lisäksi elinkaariarviointiin otettiin mukaan vielä kehitysvaiheessa oleva menetelmä maankäytön indikaattoreiden määrittämiseen. Menetelmällä tutkittiin soranoton vaikutusta soraharjun maaperän laadulle ennen ja jälkeen soranoton. Tulokseksi liukoisuuden määrityksistä saatiin, että betonimurskekerroksen läpi suotautuneen sade-veden pH nousee hyvin emäksiseksi. pH:n nousu vaikuttaisi korreloivan positiivisesti tiettyjen metallien liukoisuuteen. Huomattavaa on, että kenttäkokeiden liukoisuudet ja laboratoriossa määritetyt liukoisuudet poikkesivat joltain osin toisistaan. Elinkaaritarkastelussa hiilidioksidiekvivalentti päästöjen suhteen suurin päästö aiheutuu, jos betoni loppusijoitetaan kaatopaikalle hyötykäytön sijaan. Maaperän laadun muutoksien määrittämisen menetelmä ei vielä ole käyttökelpoinen lähtötietojen yksinkertaistuksien ja puutteiden takia. Betonimurskeen hyötykäyttö maarakentamisessa ei aiheuta merkittäviä ympäristövaikutuksia, kun altistus vedelle minimoidaan. Lisäksi hyötykäyttö on suositeltava vaihtoehto loppusijoitukselle kaatopaikan rakentamisen ja käytön aiheuttamien ympäristövaikutusten takia.