Incidencia de la aplicación de las técnicas de litigación oral, en la etapa de juicio, en las sentencias dictadas por el Tribunal Primero de Garantias Penales de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, durante el año 2013

En el presente trabajo académico analizamos la aplicación de la técnicas de litigación oral durante la audiencia de juzgamiento, respecto a la falta de aplicación de la reglas de esta disciplina y cómo puede influir en la administración de justicia. El análisis ha sido estructurado de la siguiente manera: en el primer capítulo se estudia la teoría de la litigación oral, estudiamos el alegato de apertura, la teoría del caso, la prueba, el interrogatorio, el contrainterrogatorio, las objeciones; y, el alegato final, con el propósito de conocer dogmáticamente la litigación oral. El segundo capítulo se recoge cual ha sido el accionar de los sujetos procesales (Fiscalía y Defensa) durante las audiencias de juzgamiento, se analiza jurídicamente la manera de presentación de cada una de las fases que se desarrollan durante la audiencia de juicio, se analiza los aciertos y errores que cometen los sujetos procesales; se analiza la presentación práctica del alegato de apertura, el alegato final, los interrogatorios con el propósito de descubrir la realidad pragmática de la litigación oral en el Tribunal Penal; con el propósito de evidenciar prácticas erradas que puedan determinar una afectación de los derechos que representan los sujetos procesales; el análisis fue realizado en base de las estadísticas obtenidas de la investigación de campo. El tercer capítulo tiene como propósito establecer como conclusiones la causas que menoscaban la defensa técnica que reciben las personas procesadas, cuya asesoría jurídica es brindada por abogados públicos o privados; establecer las posibles soluciones a fin de garantizar el derecho a la defensa técnica; ofrecer una fuente de consulta para la comunidad jurídica.

Dolores Cacuango, Mama Dulu en la memoria oral de su pueblo

¿De qué manera se construyen los relatos e imaginarios sobre Mama Dulu en el pueblo Kayambi y en las comunidades de San Pablo Urco y Pesillo? fue la pregunta que motivó esta investigación y para ello tomé como referencia la relación entre la Dolores histórica y política de Rodas y Muyolema con la Dolores que encontré en los relatos que fueron parte de esta investigación, a través de entrevistas a profundidad a 11 representantes del pueblo Kayambi y moradores de las comunidades de San Pablo Urco y Pesillo, en el cantón Cayambe, provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. Esta tesis está compuesta por cuatro capítulos, el primero plantea un diálogo entre autores como De Certau, Nora, Rivera Cusicanqui, Sarlo, Jelin, Ong, Castoriadis, Candau, Sánchez Parga, para entender las relaciones que se generan entre memoria oral – historia; imaginario y comunidad. El segundo, es un acercamiento al contexto histórico que perfila ese personaje relatado por Rodas y Muyolema con el que se comparan los relatos e imaginarios obtenidos en el tercero y cuarto capítulo. Finalmente, en las conclusiones destaco los principales hallazgos de la investigación: las relaciones entre historia, memoria – recuerdo en los relatos, la antropomorfización y transmutación entre Dolores y la Pachamama que además ubica a Dolores en una dimensión profundamente espiritual, las imbricaciones de los relatos en torno a Dolores Cacuango y Tránsito Amaguaña, así como omnipresencia de ambos personajes como símbolos de la identidad indígena. Esta tesis es un trabajo descriptivo cuya riqueza radica en la polifonía del relato que mantienen vigente el recuerdo de Dolores y lo transmiten de manera permanente a través de la oralidad.

Official warnings on thromboembolism risk with oral contraceptives fail to inform users adequately

Following the 1995 “pill scare” relating to the risk of venous thrombosis from taking second- or third-generation oral contraceptives, the Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) withdrew their earlier recommended restrictions on the use of third-generation pills and published recommended wording to be used in patient information leaflets. However, the effectiveness of this wording has not been tested. An empirical study (with 186 pill users, past users, and non-users) was conducted to assess understanding, based on this wording, of the absolute and relative risk of thrombosis in pill users and in pregnancy. The results showed that less than 12% of women in the (higher education) group fully understood the absolute levels of risk from taking the pill and from being pregnant. Relative risk was also poorly understood, with less than 40% of participants showing full understanding, and 20% showing no understanding. We recommend that the CSM revisit the wording currently provided to millions of women in the UK.

Optimal protection of stabilised dry live bacteria from bile toxicity in oral dosage forms by bile acid adsorbent resins

We previously found that dried live bacteria of a vaccine strain can be temporarily sensitive to bile acids and suggested that Bile Adsorbing Resins (BAR) can be used in oral vaccine tablets to protect dried bacteria from intestinal bile. Here, we report a quantitative analysis of the ability of BAR to exclude the dye bromophenol blue from penetrating into matrix tablets and also sections of hard capsule shells. Based on this quantitative analysis, we made a fully optimised formulation, comprising 25% w/w of cholestyramine in Vcaps™ HPMC capsules. This gave effectively 100% protection of viability from 4% bile, with 4200-fold more live bacteria recovered from this formulation compared to unprotected dry bacteria. From the image analysis, we found that the filler material or compaction force used had no measurable effect on dye exclusion but did affect the rate of tablet hydration. Increasing the mass fraction of BAR gave more exclusion of dye up to 25% w/w, after which a plateau was reached and no further dye exclusion was seen. More effective dye exclusion was seen with smaller particle sizes (i.e. cholestyramine) and when the BAR was thoroughly dried and disaggregated. Similar results were found when imaging dye penetration into capsule sections or tablets. The predictions of the dye penetration study were tested using capsules filled with dried attenuated Salmonella vaccine plus different BAR types, and the expected protection from bile was found, validating the imaging study. Surprisingly, depending on the capsule shell material, some protection was given by the capsule alone without adding BAR, with Vcaps™ HPMC capsules providing up to 174-fold protection against 1% bile; faster releasing Vcaps Plus™ HPMC capsules and Coni Snap™ gelatin capsules gave less protection.

Investigating age related changes in taste and affects on sensory perceptions of oral nutritional supplements

Background: sip feeds are oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) that are commonly prescribed to malnourished patients to improve their nutritional and clinical status. However, ONSs are poorly consumed and frequently wasted, with sweetness being identified as one of the factors leading to patients’ dislike of ONSs. Objectives: to investigate if age affects sweetness thresholds and if this impacts upon perceived sweetness intensity, hedonic (sweetness and overall) and ranked preference of ONS products. Design: prospective, observational. Subjects: thirty-six young adults (18–33 years) and 48 healthy older adults (63–85 years). Setting: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and the Clinical Health Sciences at the University of Reading. Methods: detection and recognition threshold levels, basic taste identification and ‘just about right’ level of sweetness were examined. Three ONSs (chocolate, vanilla, strawberry) and sucrose solutions were evaluated for hedonic sweetness, overall hedonic liking, sweetness intensity and rank preference. Results: significant differences were found in both sweetness detection and recognition thresholds (P = 0.0001) between young and older adults, with older adults more likely to incorrectly identify the taste (P = 0.0001). Despite the deterioration in sweetness sensitivity among the older adults, there were no significant differences found in sweetness intensity perceived for the ONS products presented (P > 0.05) when compared with the young adults. However, across both groups sweetness intensity was found to be correlated with overall product dislike across all flavour variants tested (R = 0.398, P = 0.0001). Conclusions: sweetness appears to be one of many factors contributing to the dislike of ONSs. Manufacturers are encouraged to reconsider the formulations of these products so that beneficial effects of ONSs can be delivered in a more palatable and acceptable form and wastage reduced.

The effect of consumption volume on profile and liking of oral nutritional supplements of varied sweetness: sequential profiling and boredom tests

Oral nutrition supplements (ONS) are routinely prescribed to those with, or at risk of, malnutrition. Previous research identified poor compliance due to taste and sweetness. This paper investigates taste and hedonic liking of ONS, of varying sweetness and metallic levels, over consumption volume; an important consideration as patients are prescribed large volumes of ONS daily. A sequential descriptive profile was developed to determine the perception of sensory attributes over repeat consumption of ONS. Changes in liking of ONS following repeat consumption were characterised by a boredom test. Certain flavour (metallic taste, soya milk flavour) and mouthfeel (mouthdrying, mouthcoating) attributes built up over increased consumption volume (p 0.002). Hedonic liking data from two cohorts, healthy older volunteers (n = 32, median age 73) and patients (n = 28, median age 85), suggested such build-up was disliked. Efforts made to improve the palatability of ONS must take account of the build up of taste and mouthfeel characteristics over increased consumption volume.

Using historical lesion volume data in the design of a new phase II clinical trial in acute stroke

Background and Purpose-Clinical research into the treatment of acute stroke is complicated, is costly, and has often been unsuccessful. Developments in imaging technology based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans offer opportunities for screening experimental therapies during phase II testing so as to deliver only the most promising interventions to phase III. We discuss the design and the appropriate sample size for phase II studies in stroke based on lesion volume. Methods-Determination of the relation between analyses of lesion volumes and of neurologic outcomes is illustrated using data from placebo trial patients from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. The size of an effect on lesion volume that would lead to a clinically relevant treatment effect in terms of a measure, such as modified Rankin score (mRS), is found. The sample size to detect that magnitude of effect on lesion volume is then calculated. Simulation is used to evaluate different criteria for proceeding from phase II to phase III. Results-The odds ratios for mRS correspond roughly to the square root of odds ratios for lesion volume, implying that for equivalent power specifications, sample sizes based on lesion volumes should be about one fourth of those based on mRS. Relaxation of power requirements, appropriate for phase II, lead to further sample size reductions. For example, a phase III trial comparing a novel treatment with placebo with a total sample size of 1518 patients might be motivated from a phase II trial of 126 patients comparing the same 2 treatment arms. Discussion-Definitive phase III trials in stroke should aim to demonstrate significant effects of treatment on clinical outcomes. However, more direct outcomes such as lesion volume can be useful in phase II for determining whether such phase III trials should be undertaken in the first place. (Stroke. 2009;40:1347-1352.)