Trabajo hospitalario, estrés y sufrimiento mental: deterioro de la salud de los internos en Quito, Ecuador

Las condiciones de trabajo hospitalario en Ecuador se han deteriorado en las últimas décadas y se perfila un empeoramiento aún mayor en el contexto neoliberal. Sondeos anteriores detectaron la presencia de altos índices de sufrimiento mental en trabajadores de la salud. El presente estudio se efectuó en una muestra representativa de los internos rotativos de los cinco principales hospitales públicos de Quito que cursaban el séptimo año de la Escuela de Medicina. Se aplicaron instrumentos epidemiológicos para establecer la inserción social y las condiciones de vida de los internos; un instrumento (EPISTRES) especialmente diseñado para medir la presencia de estresores y la versión de 28 ítems del GHQ de Goldberg para determinar la magnitud del sufrimiento mental de los estudiantes. Se compararon, además, índices de morbilidad asociada con estrés de antes y durante el internado. La investigación corroboró la utilidad de los instrumentos aplicados, estableció la alta prevalencia e incidencia de sufrimiento mental en la población referida. Se demuestra el condicionamiento social de la patogenicidad del estrés laboral y alerta sobre la urgente necesidad de introducir medidas de relación laboral y prevención en los servicios de salud.

Trabajo hospitalario, estrés y sufrimiento mental: deterioro de la salud de los internos en Quito, Ecuador

Las condiciones de trabajo hospitalario en Ecuador se han deteriorado en las últimas décadas y se perfila un empeoramiento aún mayor en el contexto neoliberal. Sondeos anteriores detectaron la presencia de altos índices de sufrimiento mental en trabajadores de la salud. El presente estudio se efectuó en una muestra representativa de los internos rotativos de los cinco principales hospitales públicos de Quito que cursaban el séptimo año de la Escuela de Medicina. Se aplicaron instrumentos epidemiológicos para establecer la inserción social y las condiciones de vida de los internos; un instrumento (EPISTRES) especialmente diseñado para medir la presencia de estresores y la versión de 28 ítems del GHQ de Goldberg para determinar la magnitud del sufrimiento mental de los estudiantes. Se compararon, además, índices de morbilidad asociada con estrés de antes y durante el internado. La investigación corroboró la utilidad de los instrumentos aplicados, estableció la alta prevalencia e incidencia de sufrimiento mental en la población referida. Se demuestra el condicionamiento social de la patogenicidad del estrés laboral y alerta sobre la urgente necesidad de introducir medidas de relación laboral y prevención en los servicios de salud.

Estado nutricional, desarrollo madurativo y sufrimiento mental en niños, niñas y adolescentes de comunidades cercanas al proyecto megaminero “Fruta del Norte” en comparación con comunidades de minería artesanal

El estudio analiza las condiciones nutricionales, desarrollo madurativo y el estado emocional en niños/as y adolescentes (NNA) de comunidades ecuatorianas de minería artesanal; en comparación con NNA de comunidades ubicadas en la zona de influencia del proyecto megaminero "Fruta del Norte", concesionado a la multinacional Kinross Aurelian, actualmente en fase de exploración avanzada.

Enfermedad mental, crimen y dignidad humana. Un estudio sobre la «medida de seguridad» en Brasil

¿La «medida de seguridad» en Brasil actúa como un instrumento de violación de la dignidad de las personas que cometieron crímenes y que sufren algún trastorno mental? Para contestar esta pregunta, la obra empieza por analizar las tensiones existentes entre las concepciones sobre la locura, y expone los modelos de control social que justificaron la historia de segregación de estos sujetos. La dignidad humana, en esta investigación, se articula a partir de la concepción individualista de Kant y de la relacional de Hannah Arendt, estableciendo una base teórica donde ambas dimensiones de dignidad se complementan para conseguir el desarrollo pleno, el reconocimiento y el respeto de la dignidad humana en el ámbito jurídico. La obra problematiza, además, la visión teórico-dogmática detrás de la medida de seguridad como mecanismo de control en el derecho penal, y analiza críticamente su aplicación en contrapunto con el respeto a los derechos humanos. Finalmente, estudia el parámetro jurídico para el tratamiento digno a los enfermos mentales autores de delito, a partir de las normas de los sistemas global e interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos, de las disposiciones de la Constitución brasileña, de las normas pertinentes de ese país, de la jurisprudencia del órgano de control constitucional, el Supremo Tribunal Federal de Brasil, además del aporte de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia.

An ontological approach to competency management

Competency management is a very important part of a well-functioning organisation. Unfortunately competency descriptions are not uniformly specified nor defined across borders: National, sectorial or organisational, leading to an opaque competency description market with a multitude of competency frameworks and competency benchmarks. An ontology is a formalised description of a domain, which enables automated reasoning engines to be built which by utilising the interrelations between entities can make “intelligent” choices in different situations within the domain. Introducing formalised competency ontologies automated tools, such as skill gap analysis, training suggestion generation, job search and recruitment, can be developed, which compare and contrast different competency descriptions on the semantic level. The major problem with defining a common formalised ontology for competencies is that there are so many viewpoints of competencies and competency frameworks. Work within the TRACE project has focused on finding common trends within different competency frameworks in order to allow an intermediate competency description to be made, which other frameworks can reference. This research has shown that competencies can be divided up into “knowledge”, “skills” and what we call “others”. An ontology has been created based on this with a simple structure of different “kinds” of “knowledges” and “skills” using semantic interrelations to define the basic semantic structure of the ontology. A prototype tool for analysing a skill gap analysis has been developed. Personal profiles can be produced using the tool and a skill gap analysis is performed on a desired competency profile by using an ontologically based inference engine, which is able to list closest fit and possible proficiency gaps

Can we harness computerised cognitive bias modification to treat anxiety in schizophrenia? A first step highlighting the role of mental imagery

A new wave of computerised therapy is under development which, rather than simulating talking therapies, uses bias modification techniques to target the core psychological process underlying anxiety. Such interventions are aimed at anxiety disorders, and are yet to be adapted for co-morbid anxiety in psychosis. The cognitive bias modification (CBM) paradigm delivers repeated exposure to stimuli in order to train individuals to resolve ambiguous information in a positive, rather than anxiety provoking, manner. The current study is the first to report data from a modified form of CBM which targets co-morbid anxiety within individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Our version of CBM involved exposure to one hundred vignettes presented over headphones. Participants were instructed to actively simulate the described scenarios via visual imagery. Twenty-one participants completed both a single session of CBM and a single control condition session in counter-balanced order. Within the whole sample, there was no significant improvement on interpretation bias of CBM or state anxiety, relative to the control condition. However, in line with previous research, those participants who engage in higher levels of visual imagery exhibited larger changes in interpretation bias. We discuss the implications for harnessing computerised CBM therapy developments for co-morbid anxiety in schizophrenia.

Mental rotation in Williams syndrome: an impaired ability

Typically developing young children and individuals with intellectual disabilities often perform poorly on mental rotation tasks when the stimulus they are rotating lacks a salient component. However. performance can he improved when salience is increased. The present study investigated the effect of salience oil mental rotation performance by individuals with Williams syndrome. Individuals with Williams syndrome and matched controls were presented with two versions of a mental rotation task: a no salient component condition and a salient component condition. The results showed that component salience did not benefit individuals with Williams syndrome in the same manner as it did controls.

Is NHS Direct meeting the needs of mental health callers?

Background: NHS Direct is a new service that offers 24-hour advice from trained nurses. The National Service Framework for Mental Health and the National Strategy for Carers both mention NHS Direct as an important source of support for people with mental health problems. Aims: This paper reports findings from an evaluation of the Department of Health's NHS Direct mental health initiative. This initiative was established to ensure that NHS Direct can meet the needs of callers with mental health problems by offering additional training to all staff and improving the database of mental health services. Method: The findings reported here are based on routine computer data provided by 12 out of 17 NHS Direct sites, 552 data forms completed by nurse advisers from the 17 sites, and 111 questionnaires administered over the telephone with callers to the 17 sites. Results: Mental health calls accounted for 3% of NHS Direct's workload, although these calls were often longer and more complex than other calls. The majority of callers to the service were in touch with other services for their mental health problems (59%), typically their GP. Most callers had 'moderate' mental health problems, as indicated by the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Generally callers were satisfied with the service they received, although satisfaction was lower in some areas than previous studies of NHS Direct. Conclusions: Improvements could be made in the mechanisms for referring callers on to other services, and training to increase nurse advisers' knowledge of mental health problems.

Conversations around homework: links to parental mental health, family characteristics and child psychological functioning

Parents are increasingly expected to supplement their children's school-based learning by providing support for children's homework. However, parents' capacities to provide such support may vary and may be limited by the experience of depression. This may have implications for child development. In the course of a prospective, longitudinal study of children of postnatally depressed and healthy mothers, we observed mothers (N = 88) and fathers (N = 78) at home during maths homework interactions with their 8-year-old children. The quality of parental communication was rated and analysed in relation to child functioning. The quality of communication of each of the parents was related to their mental state, social class and IQ. While postnatal depression was not directly related to child development, there was some evidence of the influence of maternal depression occurring in the child's school years. Different aspects of parental communication with the child showed specific associations with different child outcomes, over and above the influence of family characteristics. In particular, child school attainment and IQ were associated with parental strategies to encourage representational thinking and mastery motivation, whereas child behavioural adjustment at school and self-esteem were linked to the degree of parental emotional support and low levels of coercion. Notably, the influence of maternal homework support was more strongly related to child outcome than was paternal support, a pattern reflected in mothers' greater involvement in children's schools and school-related activities. Some parents may need guidance in how to support their children's homework if it is to be of benefit to child functioning.