1000 resultados para fibrado de esferas
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La conceptualización posmoderna de las ciudades ha entendido el fenómeno urbano como una colección de fragmentos con lógicas urbanas independientes, desde los centros históricos a las periferias, de la ciudad histórica de Rossi a la ciudad pop de Venturi. Esta visión entendía la ciudad como un fenómeno artificial que se desarrolla con independencia del medio sobre el que se asienta. Desde esta perspectiva el desarrollo urbano se entiende impulsado por las fuerzas económicas con independencia de los flujos de energía y materia presentes en la región natural sobre la que ciudad se asienta. Esta visión de la ciudad —que por otro lado sigue estando muy presente— está siendo paulatinamente desafiada por el creciente interés en la ecología y en la termodinámica que hoy en día permea los debates urbanos y sociales. Partiendo de referencias como los hermanos Odum o Ian McHarg, se están replanteando las antes precisas distinciones entre las esferas de la sociedad y de la naturaleza —o la cultura y la ciencia—, cuestión que está haciendo explícita la interrelación entre la ciudad y sus contextos naturales y sociales que antes se obviaba. La charla considera la discusión en torno a la ecología y la energía como una oportunidad para reconsiderar la manera en la que las ciudades son conceptualizadas. Aquellas perspectivas que dan prioridad a la estructura espacial o al funcionamiento están siendo relegadas por una visión holística que superpone su estructura espacial y material con los intercambios de materia y energía que establece con su contexto.
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Según el modelo cosmológico medieval, heredero directo del sistema de representación cosmológica del Mundo Antiguo, el Universo era esférico, y en su centro, inmóvil, estaba situada la Tierra. Ésta se encontraba rodeada por las esferas, “orbes”, de los siete planetas1, quedando esta estructura cerrada por la octava esfera o esfera de las estrellas fijas, en la que se disponían las constelaciones. Más allá se encontraba el primun mobile que ponía en marcha la maquinaría celeste, siendo identificado en el mundo cristiano con Dios. La esfera de las estrellas fijas se convirtió en un motivo iconográfico de gran interés a lo largo de toda la Edad Media, bien en su representación unitaria, como la octava esfera que cierra el sistema de representación cosmológica, o a través de la representación de sus constelaciones.
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The balance between the demands of two important spheres of human life, work and family, has become a challenge due to the pressures of the contemporary that is expanding around the difficulties of reconciling these two comínios. In this sense, this research aimed to understand the work-family interaction in the perception of executive secretaries. The analysis approach used was qualitative research, by worrying about a reality that can not be quantified due to the subjectivity of his goal. The data collection technique used was the semistructured interview to twenty executive secretaries, servants of a Federal Institution of Higher Education. For the understanding and interpretation of the data, we used the technique of content analysis. The results of both analyzes identified the existence of conflict as enrichment in this interaction. The time was identified as the largest generator of conflict work. The overload, relationship stress and conflict emerged as elements common to both domains. As main implications of labor disputes, were revealed: problamas health for secretaries and stress. As main implications of family conflicts emerged: motivation for work, lower performance and lack of concentration. The attempt at balance was identified as the strategy most used by secretaries to minimize work-family conflict. The work-family enrichment was seen as resources that contribute to improving the lives of the secretary in both domains. The opportunity to add knowledge was highlighted as enriching element of work and family values as elements enriching family. The support and experience emerged as enrichment items common to both domains. Regarding the implications of enrichment resulting from the interaction of work and family, the more perceived by respondents were: increased knowledge and skills, material and psychological benefits, improved quality of life and personal and professional fulfillment. From the perception of executive secretaries, work and family spheres of human life are essential and complementary, and that help is contrary, however, this relationship is the primary management of conflicts, ie, how the individual sees and manages the negative side of the work-family
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Na unfolding method of linear intercept distributions and secction área distribution was implemented for structures with spherical grains. Although the unfolding routine depends on the grain shape, structures with spheroidal grains can also be treated by this routine. Grains of non-spheroidal shape can be treated only as approximation. A software was developed with two parts. The first part calculates the probability matrix. The second part uses this matrix and minimizes the chi-square. The results are presented with any number of size classes as required. The probability matrix was determined by means of the linear intercept and section area distributions created by computer simulation. Using curve fittings the probability matrix for spheres of any sizes could be determined. Two kinds of tests were carried out to prove the efficiency of the Technique. The theoretical tests represent ideal cases. The software was able to exactly find the proposed grain size distribution. In the second test, a structure was simulated in computer and images of its slices were used to produce the corresponding linear intercept the section area distributions. These distributions were then unfolded. This test simulates better reality. The results show deviations from the real size distribution. This deviations are caused by statistic fluctuation. The unfolding of the linear intercept distribution works perfectly, but the unfolding of section area distribution does not work due to a failure in the chi-square minimization. The minimization method uses a matrix inversion routine. The matrix generated by this procedure cannot be inverted. Other minimization method must be used
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.
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A cintigrafia óssea de corpo inteiro representa um dos exames imagiológicos mais frequentes realizados em medicina nuclear. Para além de outras aplicações, este procedimento é capaz de fornecer o diagnóstico de metástases ósseas. Em doentes oncológicos, a presença de metástases ósseas representa um forte indicador prognóstico da longevidade do doente. Para além disso, a presença ou ausência de metástases ósseas irá influenciar o planeamento do tratamento, requerendo para isso uma interpretação precisa dos resultados imagiológicos. Problema: Tendo em conta que a metastização óssea é considerada uma complicação severa relacionada com aumento da morbilidade e diminuição de sobrevivência dos doentes, o conceito de patient care torna-se ainda mais imperativo nestas situações. Assim, devem ser implementadas as melhores práticas imagiológicas de forma a obter o melhor resultado possível do procedimento efetuado, associado ao desconforto mínimo do doente. Uma técnica provável para atingir este objetivo no caso específico da cintigrafia óssea de corpo inteiro é a redução do tempo de aquisição, contudo, as imagens obtidas por si só teriam qualidade de tal forma reduzida que os resultados poderiam ser enviesados. Atualmente, surgiram novas técnicas, nomeadamente relativas a processamento de imagem, através das quais é possível gerar imagens cintigráficas com contagem reduzida de qualidade comparável àquela obtida com o protocolo considerado como standard. Ainda assim, alguns desses métodos continuam associados a algumas incertezas, particularmente no que respeita a sustentação da confiança diagnóstica após a modificação dos protocolos de rotina. Objetivos: O presente trabalho pretende avaliar a performance do algoritmo Pixon para processamento de imagem por meio de um estudo com fantoma. O objetivo será comparar a qualidade de imagem e a detetabilidade fornecidas por imagens não processadas com aquelas submetidas à referida técnica de processamento. Para além disso, pretende-se também avaliar o efeito deste algoritmo na redução do tempo de aquisição. De forma a atingir este objetivo, irá ser feita uma comparação entre as imagens obtidas com o protocolo standard e aquelas adquiridas usando protocolos mais rápidos, posteriormente submetidas ao método de processamento referido. Material e Métodos: Esta investigação for realizada no departamento de Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear do Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, situado na Holanda. Foi utilizado um fantoma cilíndrico contendo um conjunto de seis esferas de diferentes tamanhos, adequado à técnica de imagem planar. O fantoma foi preparado com diferentes rácios de atividade entre as esferas e o background (4:1, 8:1, 17:1, 22:1, 32:1 e 71:1). Posteriormente, para cada teste experimental, o fantoma foi submetido a vários protocolos de aquisição de imagem, nomeadamente com diferentes velocidades de aquisição: 8 cm/min, 12 cm/min, 16 cm/min e 20 cm/min. Todas as imagens foram adquiridas na mesma câmara gama - e.cam Signature Dual Detector System (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.) - utilizando os mesmos parâmetros técnicos de aquisição, à exceção da velocidade. Foram adquiridas 24 imagens, todas elas submetidas a pós-processamento com recurso a um software da Siemens (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.) que inclui a ferramenta necessária ao processamento de imagens cintigráficas de corpo inteiro. Os parâmetros de reconstrução utilizados foram os mesmos para cada série de imagens, estando estabelecidos em modo automático. A análise da informação recolhida foi realizada com recurso a uma avaliação objetiva (utilizando parâmetros físicos de qualidade de imagem) e outra subjetiva (através de dois observadores). A análise estatística foi efetuada recorrendo ao software SPSS versão 22 para Windows. Resultados: Através da análise subjetiva de cada rácio de atividade foi demonstrado que, no geral, a detetabilidade das esferas aumentou após as imagens serem processadas. A concordância entre observadores para a distribuição desta análise foi substancial, tanto para imagens não processadas como imagens processadas. Foi igualmente demonstrado que os parâmetros físicos de qualidade de imagem progrediram depois de o algoritmo de processamento ter sido aplicado. Para além disso, observou-se ao comparar as imagens standard (adquiridas com 8 cm/min) e aquelas processadas e adquiridas com protocolos mais rápidos que: imagens adquiridas com uma velocidade de aquisição de 12 cm/min podem fornecer resultados melhorados, com parâmetros de qualidade de imagem e detetabilidade superiores; imagens adquiridas com uma velocidade de 16 cm/min fornecem resultados comparáveis aos standard, com valores aproximados de qualidade de imagem e detetabilidade; e imagens adquiridas com uma velocidade de 20 cm/min resultam em valores diminuídos de qualidade de imagem, bem como redução a nível da detetabilidade. Discussão: Os resultados obtidos foram igualmente estabelecidos por meio de um estudo clínico numa investigação independente, no mesmo departamento. Foram incluídos cinquenta e um doentes referidos com carcinomas da mama e da próstata, com o objetivo de estudar o impacto desta técnica na prática clínica. Os doentes foram, assim, submetidos ao protocolo standard e posteriormente a uma aquisição adicional com uma velocidade de aquisição de 16 cm/min. Depois de as imagens terem sido cegamente avaliadas por três médicos especialistas, concluiu-se que a qualidade de imagem bem como a detetabilidade entre imagens era comparável, corroborando os resultados desta investigação. Conclusão: Com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo de aquisição aplicando um algoritmo de processamento de imagem, foi demonstrado que o protocolo com 16 cm/min de velocidade de aquisição será o limite para o aumento dessa mesma velocidade. Após processar a informação, este protocolo fornece os resultados mais equivalentes àqueles obtidos com o protocolo standard. Tendo em conta que esta técnica foi estabelecida com sucesso na prática clínica, pode-se concluir que, pelo menos em doentes referidos com carcinomas da mama e da próstata, o tempo de aquisição pode ser reduzido para metade, duplicando a velocidade de aquisição de 8 para 16 cm/min.
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The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and silício, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, silício and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 µm, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 µm/min
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La última década del siglo XX se caracterizó por el avance de la tecnología computacional a pasos agigantados y su influencia en todas las esferas de la actividad humana. Especialmente el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se ha visto marcado por dicha influencia y hoy se abren posibilidades para el desarrollo del proceso docente educativo. Desaprovechar las oportunidades docentes que ofrecen los nuevos soportes electrónicos, sería como decir que todo lo que el hombre ha descubierto en el siglo pasado es innecesario para la humanidad. Con este trabajo pretendemos presentar nuestras ideas sobre cómo y por qué elaborar clases por computadora y abrir con ello un lugar a la discusión en nuestro medio latinoamericano.
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El destacado volumen de negocio a nivel mundial ha convertido a los videojuegos en el principal protagonista dentro de la industria del entretenimiento. Este hecho no ha pasado desapercibido para la comunidad científica, que se ha visto surtida de nuevos retos y desafíos que abordar. La generación automática de contenido son un conjunto de técnicas que permiten generar de forma algorítmica contenido específico para videojuegos. Estas técnicas reducen costes de producción y diseño, sirven como fuente de creatividad e inspiración para el diseñador, ahorran recursos computacionales a la hora de ejecutar el juego y permiten adaptar el juego al jugador para que la experiencia de juego sea única y personalizada. Generalmente el criterio usado para la generación es el de la jugabilidad, es decir, que el contenido cumpla con las reglas del juego. Esta tesis define una metodología para la generación automática de contenido para juegos de estrategia en tiempo real en base a unos criterios que van más allá de que el contenido sea válido. Esta metodología propone el uso de algoritmos evolutivos para la generación del contenido siguiendo un esquema de generación y prueba. La primera característica exigible al contenido generado que se ha estudiado ha sido el equilibrio entre jugadores. También se ha descrito un método de generación enfocado en esta característica que es capaz de crear mapas que no proporcionan ventaja alguna a los jugadores, independientemente de su habilidad o estrategia elegida. Otra característica deseable que evita que las partidas se conviertan en algo aburrido y monótono y que también ha sido estudiada es el dinamismo. A la hora de buscar el dinamismo se ha optado por dos enfoques distintos, uno basado en los recursos que mantienen los jugadores a lo largo de la partida y otro basado en las confrontaciones entre ellos, que se centra en las batallas y el nivel de naves perdidas. Se han analizado ambas características en conjunto, detectándose que la definición de dinamismo que se ha usado como objetivo de la optimización incluye implícitamente una componente de equilibrio, concluyéndose por tanto que el equilibrio es compatible con un nivel medio de dinamismo. Además, se ha estudiado un enfoque multi-objetivo del problema que ha sacado a la luz otras relaciones entre equilibrio y dinamismo y mediante el cual se ha establecido que conforme aumenta el equilibrio se produce un leve descenso en el dinamismo, acabando con un descenso brusco en la frontera superior del equilibrio. Al igual que con el equilibrio y el dinamismo, se ha abordado el problema de mejorar la estética de los mapas siguiendo dos enfoques, uno geométrico que se basan en la geométrica espacial del mapa (coordinadas y distancias), y otro topológico que se basan en propiedades cualitativas de los mapas que no se ven afectadas por transformaciones geométricas simples y que han sido obtenidas a partir del grafo de esferas de influencia. Los resultados indican que existe una relación lineal entre la diferencia con los mapas estéticos y con los que no lo son, lo que da una idea de la densidad del espacio de búsqueda. Con respecto a las medidas utilizadas, se observa que hay algunas de ellas que tienen una mayor influencia sobre el valor de aptitud que el resto de variables. Por último, tras realizar un análisis cruzado de las soluciones obtenidas con ambos enfoques se observa que ambos enfoques son capaces de generar mapas adecuados, aunque hay que destacar que existe una mayor diversidad en las soluciones del enfoque geométrico que en las del topológico, además de que las soluciones geométricas obtenidas quedan más cerca del conjunto de mapas estéticos que las propias soluciones topológicas según la medida de aptitud de éstas últimas.
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This paper discusses the experiences related to the treatment of children´s cancer which had children, their mothers and families as their main characters. They were mainly originated from areas in the countryside and urban poor areas in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The non-governmental organization Grupo de Apoio à Criança com Câncer (GACC) was the privileged ethnographic location. In this setting, the mother, which was called acompanhante (companion), and the children, defined as pacientes (patients), were often sheltered in reason of therapeutic practices and the treatment undertaken by children in a nearby hospital. This study aims to focus on the therapeutic itinerary, beyond the children´s suffering, dealing with the family as a whole, since the moral values from these popular families imply the complete involvement of the family in relation to the illness and its treatment. Therefore, it is experienced as a family problem. We also intend to understand the construction of meanings to the illness, dealing with the ideological continuity in the relationships between the families and the GACC. These meanings were built in the intersection of these two spheres, which refer particularly to medical, religious and emotional explanations. Ethnographic methods were applied in this research at the entity and another social contexts, such as the family households. I also tried to retrieve the process of treatment outside the GACC, visiting the family context, when doing dense interviews or just having conversations with informants. It was found that the GACC, as a non-governmental organization, generates a negotiation of identities, which develops, then, through the family as a whole, but also through the child and especially the mother, affecting, in some way, their internal organization. Furthermore, the meanings of the experience of illness appeared to be shaped by the family sphere as well as by the logic of public health structures
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This dissertation is based on the ethnography of a strategic selection of three Tremembé ethnic situations, which are situated in the backlands of Acaraú and Itarema, municipalities located in Ceará State (Northeast Brazil). My main aims are the following. Firstly, I reconstitute the historical and social formation of three localities, called Lagoa dos Negros, Telhas, and Queimadas, related to a particular origin myth which refers to Almofala, an extinct colonial Aldeamento in the seashore, where the Tremembé indians and other native populations were converted and gathered under missionary administration. According to the origin myth, these three localities were set up after a strong drought which happened in 1888 (the so called three eights) when a group of Tremembé families moved to the countryside and established close to the Lagoa dos Negros and, later on, they were segmented into smaller groups which started to live in other areas and places not far from the former location. Notably, I develop an anthropological approach to understand the historical formation of these three localities. Secondly, I analyze some processes of territorialization, which were emerged from the 1980s and had important consequences to these indigenous families throughout the next two decades. This historical dimension is re-appropriated and ressignified in ethnic terms. A third point of my work is the analysis of the construction of territorialities and also the cultural and symbolic dimensions which are formulated by the Tremembé Indians who live in these localities. Therefore, I investigate some cultural traditions and rituals, such as the Torém dance, but I also examine their multiple semantics, which constitute a transversal direction throughout the history understood by the Tremembé of the different social situations I researched. To sum up, there is a process of cultural actualization, which is still going on and presents itself through the ludic sphere as well as their political and religions dimensions, which are usually associated to the ritual presentation of the Torém
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Actualmente, nuestro país se encuentra inmerso en el proceso de globalización, el cual implica lograr una inserción competitiva en la economía internacional, y a la vez elevar el nivel de la calidad de vida de sus habitantes; para lo cual el Estado costarricense se ha dado a la tarea de redefinir sus políticas públicas, durante los últimos años. Especialmente en el área de la educación, podemos ver como la política educativa se ha convertido en una herramienta esencial, que orienta el accionar del sistema educativo. Los retos y desafíos que el contexto internacional presenta a la educación han incidido en que ésta se convierta en un elemento fundamental para elevar el nivel y la calidad de vida de la población costarricense. Con el objetivo de preparar a las jóvenes generaciones para hacer frente con éxito y dignidad a los cambios de paradigmas que se viven en el mundo, es que tiene origen durante el primer año de la administración Figueres Olsen (1994), una nueva política educativa que pretende el desarrollo integral del ser humano. Ésta, conocida como “Política Educativa hacia el siglo XXI”, se considera importante a nivel nacional ya que repercute directamente en las diferentes esferas de la sociedad civil, tales como: la económica, política, jurídica, ética, ambiental y social. A través de este documento se evidenciará la desarticulación entre la política de formación de educadores y la política educativa vigente además se hace énfasis en la falta de mecanismos eficientes y efectivos de articulación e implementación de la teoria educativa nacional y la realidad inmediata de la sociedad costarricense.
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This thesis aims to describe and demonstrate the developed concept to facilitate the use of thermal simulation tools during the building design process. Despite the impact of architectural elements on the performance of buildings, some influential decisions are frequently based solely on qualitative information. Even though such design support is adequate for most decisions, the designer will eventually have doubts concerning the performance of some design decisions. These situations will require some kind of additional knowledge to be properly approached. The concept of designerly ways of simulating focuses on the formulation and solution of design dilemmas, which are doubts about the design that cannot be fully understood nor solved without using quantitative information. The concept intends to combine the power of analysis from computer simulation tools with the capacity of synthesis from architects. Three types of simulation tools are considered: solar analysis, thermal/energy simulation and CFD. Design dilemmas are formulated and framed according to the architect s reflection process about performance aspects. Throughout the thesis, the problem is investigated in three fields: professional, technical and theoretical fields. This approach on distinct parts of the problem aimed to i) characterize different professional categories with regards to their design practice and use of tools, ii) investigate preceding researchers on the use of simulation tools and iii) draw analogies between the proposed concept, and some concepts developed or described in previous works about design theory. The proposed concept was tested in eight design dilemmas extracted from three case studies in the Netherlands. The three investigated processes are houses designed by Dutch architectural firms. Relevant information and criteria from each case study were obtained through interviews and conversations with the involved architects. The practical application, despite its success in the research context, allowed the identification of some applicability limitations of the concept, concerning the architects need to have technical knowledge and the actual evolution stage of simulation tools
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A presente dissertação procura apresentar um estudo aprofundado em torno dos mecanismos mágicos, atestados em contexto doméstico, que estão associados de forma mais evidente à protecção da criança e da mulher, enquanto grávida, parturiente e mãe. Neste sentido, iremos discorrer em torno dos motivos que levaram os Egípcios a desenvolver esses mecanismos, em particular a importância da criança para a sociedade egípcia, os perigos da vida quotidiana egípcia, quer para a saúde da população em geral, quer para a da mulher e a da criança e, por fim, a mortalidade infantil e materna. Consequentemente, pretendemos demonstrar de que forma a Religião Doméstica consistia numa estratégia de garantir a sobrevivência da criança. Iremos igualmente abordar os diversos mecanismos destinados a promover a fertilidade e a concepção, identificados em contexto doméstico. Entre eles constam as estruturas arquitectónicas, nomeadamente as estruturas elevadas de Deir el-Medina; as figuras com formas femininas e masculinas, no último caso de cariz erótico, e com a forma de deuses e animais; os amuletos; as camas votivas e os encantamentos mágicos associados a essas duas esferas. Análise incidirá, de igual modo, nas formas desenvolvidas para proteger a mulher e a criança durante a gravidez, o parto e o pós-parto, como outras estruturas arquitectónicas, quer os tijolos de nascimento, quer as pérgulas de nascimento; os amuletos, os objectos apotropaicos e, ainda, os encantamentos mágicos. Por fim, a dissertação focar-se-á na protecção da criança durante a «primeira infância» propriamente dita, que podia ser garantida ainda através da atribuição de nomes protectores e da recitação de encantamentos mágicos especificamente destinados a proteger a criança durante a infância. Iremos ainda destacar alguns mecanismos adicionais que, embora não tenham sido identificados em contexto doméstico, devem ser tomados em consideração. O presente estudo focar-se-á, assim, não só na «primeira infância», mas também nas fases da vida humana que a antecediam, que incluem a concepção – relacionada com a fertilidade –, a gravidez, o parto e, por fim, os momentos que o sucediam.
Resumo:
In this work we developed a computer simulation program for physics porous structures based on programming language C + + using a Geforce 9600 GT with the PhysX chip, originally developed for video games. With this tool, the ability of physical interaction between simulated objects is enlarged, allowing to simulate a porous structure, for example, reservoir rocks and structures with high density. The initial procedure for developing the simulation is the construction of porous cubic structure consisting of spheres with a single size and with varying sizes. In addition, structures can also be simulated with various volume fractions. The results presented are divided into two parts: first, the ball shall be deemed as solid grains, ie the matrix phase represents the porosity, the second, the spheres are considered as pores. In this case the matrix phase represents the solid phase. The simulations in both cases are the same, but the simulated structures are intrinsically different. To validate the results presented by the program, simulations were performed by varying the amount of grain, the grain size distribution and void fraction in the structure. All results showed statistically reliable and consistent with those presented in the literature. The mean values and distributions of stereological parameters measured, such as intercept linear section of perimeter area, sectional area and mean free path are in agreement with the results obtained in the literature for the structures simulated. The results may help the understanding of real structures.