Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Document Image Compression Optimization

This work proposes a parallel genetic algorithm for compressing scanned document images. A fitness function is designed with Hausdorff distance which determines the terminating condition. The algorithm helps to locate the text lines. A greater compression ratio has achieved with lesser distortion

Content-Based Image Retrieval of Axial Brain Slices Using a Novel LBP with a Ternary Encoding

Retrieval of similar anatomical structures of brain MR images across patients would help the expert in diagnosis of diseases. In this paper, modified local binary pattern with ternary encoding called modified local ternary pattern (MOD-LTP) is introduced, which is more discriminant and less sensitive to noise in near-uniform regions, to locate slices belonging to the same level from the brain MR image database. The ternary encoding depends on a threshold, which is a user-specified one or calculated locally, based on the variance of the pixel intensities in each window. The variancebased local threshold makes the MOD-LTP more robust to noise and global illumination changes. The retrieval performance is shown to improve by taking region-based moment features of MODLTP and iteratively reweighting the moment features of MOD-LTP based on the user’s feedback. The average rank obtained using iterated and weighted moment features of MOD-LTP with a local variance-based threshold, is one to two times better than rotational invariant LBP (Unay, D., Ekin, A. and Jasinschi, R.S. (2010) Local structure-based region-of-interest retrieval in brain MR images. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., 14, 897–903.) in retrieving the first 10 relevant images

Content Based Image Retrieval of Brain MR Images across Different Classes

Magnetic Resonance Imaging play a vital role in the decision-diagnosis process of brain MR images. For an accurate diagnosis of brain related problems, the experts mostly compares both T1 and T2 weighted images as the information presented in these two images are complementary. In this paper, rotational and translational invariant form of Local binary Pattern (LBP) with additional gray scale information is used to retrieve similar slices of T1 weighted images from T2 weighted images or vice versa. The incorporation of additional gray scale information on LBP can extract more local texture information. The accuracy of retrieval can be improved by extracting moment features of LBP and reweighting the features based on users’ feedback. Here retrieval is done in a single subject scenario where similar images of a particular subject at a particular level are retrieved, and multiple subjects scenario where relevant images at a particular level across the subjects are retrieved

Automatic Image Annotation Using SURF Descriptors

In recent years there is an apparent shift in research from content based image retrieval (CBIR) to automatic image annotation in order to bridge the gap between low level features and high level semantics of images. Automatic Image Annotation (AIA) techniques facilitate extraction of high level semantic concepts from images by machine learning techniques. Many AIA techniques use feature analysis as the first step to identify the objects in the image. However, the high dimensional image features make the performance of the system worse. This paper describes and evaluates an automatic image annotation framework which uses SURF descriptors to select right number of features and right features for annotation. The proposed framework uses a hybrid approach in which k-means clustering is used in the training phase and fuzzy K-NN classification in the annotation phase. The performance of the system is evaluated using standard metrics.

Matrix based Cryptographic Procedure for Efficient Image Encryption

In this paper we propose a cryptographic transformation based on matrix manipulations for image encryption. Substitution and diffusion operations, based on the matrix, facilitate fast conversion of plaintext and images into ciphertext and cipher images. The paper describes the encryption algorithm, discusses the simulation results and compares with results obtained from Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It is shown that the proposed algorithm is capable of encrypting images eight times faster than AES.

An Improved Technique for Evolving Wavelet Coefficients for Fingerprint Image Compression

In this paper, an improved technique for evolving wavelet coefficients refined for compression and reconstruction of fingerprint images is presented. The FBI fingerprint compression standard [1, 2] uses the cdf 9/7 wavelet filter coefficients. Lifting scheme is an efficient way to represent classical wavelets with fewer filter coefficients [3, 4]. Here Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to evolve better lifting filter coefficients for cdf 9/7 wavelet to compress and reconstruct fingerprint images with better quality. Since the lifting filter coefficients are few in numbers compared to the corresponding classical wavelet filter coefficients, they are evolved at a faster rate using GA. A better reconstructed image quality in terms of Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (PSNR) is achieved with the best lifting filter coefficients evolved for a compression ratio 16:1. These evolved coefficients perform well for other compression ratios also.

Faster techniques to evolve wavelet coefficients for better fingerprint image compression

In this article, techniques have been presented for faster evolution of wavelet lifting coefficients for fingerprint image compression (FIC). In addition to increasing the computational speed by 81.35%, the coefficients performed much better than the reported coefficients in literature. Generally, full-size images are used for evolving wavelet coefficients, which is time consuming. To overcome this, in this work, wavelets were evolved with resized, cropped, resized-average and cropped-average images. On comparing the peak- signal-to-noise-ratios (PSNR) offered by the evolved wavelets, it was found that the cropped images excelled the resized images and is in par with the results reported till date. Wavelet lifting coefficients evolved from an average of four 256 256 centre-cropped images took less than 1/5th the evolution time reported in literature. It produced an improvement of 1.009 dB in average PSNR. Improvement in average PSNR was observed for other compression ratios (CR) and degraded images as well. The proposed technique gave better PSNR for various bit rates, with set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) coder. These coefficients performed well with other fingerprint databases as well.

Evolution of Better Wavelet Coefficients for Fingerprint Image Compression using cropped images

This paper explains the Genetic Algorithm (GA) evolution of optimized wavelet that surpass the cdf9/7 wavelet for fingerprint compression and reconstruction. Optimized wavelets have already been evolved in previous works in the literature, but they are highly computationally complex and time consuming. Therefore, in this work, a simple approach is made to reduce the computational complexity of the evolution algorithm. A training image set comprised of three 32x32 size cropped images performed much better than the reported coefficients in literature. An average improvement of 1.0059 dB in PSNR above the classical cdf9/7 wavelet over the 80 fingerprint images was achieved. In addition, the computational speed was increased by 90.18 %. The evolved coefficients for compression ratio (CR) 16:1 yielded better average PSNR for other CRs also. Improvement in average PSNR was experienced for degraded and noisy images as well

A New Gridding Technique for High Density Microarray Images Using Intensity Projection Profile of Best Sub Image

As the technologies for the fabrication of high quality microarray advances rapidly, quantification of microarray data becomes a major task. Gridding is the first step in the analysis of microarray images for locating the subarrays and individual spots within each subarray. For accurate gridding of high-density microarray images, in the presence of contamination and background noise, precise calculation of parameters is essential. This paper presents an accurate fully automatic gridding method for locating suarrays and individual spots using the intensity projection profile of the most suitable subimage. The method is capable of processing the image without any user intervention and does not demand any input parameters as many other commercial and academic packages. According to results obtained, the accuracy of our algorithm is between 95-100% for microarray images with coefficient of variation less than two. Experimental results show that the method is capable of gridding microarray images with irregular spots, varying surface intensity distribution and with more than 50% contamination

Single Frame Image Super Resolution Using Learned Directionlets

In this paper, a new directionally adaptive, learning based, single image super resolution method using multiple direction wavelet transform, called Directionlets is presented. This method uses directionlets to effectively capture directional features and to extract edge information along different directions of a set of available high resolution images .This information is used as the training set for super resolving a low resolution input image and the Directionlet coefficients at finer scales of its high-resolution image are learned locally from this training set and the inverse Directionlet transform recovers the super-resolved high resolution image. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach outperforms standard interpolation techniques like Cubic spline interpolation as well as standard Wavelet-based learning, both visually and in terms of the mean squared error (mse) values. This method gives good result with aliased images also.

Image Denoising Using Sure-Based Adaptive Thresholding In Directionlet Domain

The standard separable two dimensional wavelet transform has achieved a great success in image denoising applications due to its sparse representation of images. However it fails to capture efficiently the anisotropic geometric structures like edges and contours in images as they intersect too many wavelet basis functions and lead to a non-sparse representation. In this paper a novel de-noising scheme based on multi directional and anisotropic wavelet transform called directionlet is presented. The image denoising in wavelet domain has been extended to the directionlet domain to make the image features to concentrate on fewer coefficients so that more effective thresholding is possible. The image is first segmented and the dominant direction of each segment is identified to make a directional map. Then according to the directional map, the directionlet transform is taken along the dominant direction of the selected segment. The decomposed images with directional energy are used for scale dependent subband adaptive optimal threshold computation based on SURE risk. This threshold is then applied to the sub-bands except the LLL subband. The threshold corrected sub-bands with the unprocessed first sub-band (LLL) are given as input to the inverse directionlet algorithm for getting the de-noised image. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the standard wavelet-based denoising methods in terms of numeric and visual quality

Development of Directionally Adaptive Techniques for Single Image Super-Resolution

Super Resolution problem is an inverse problem and refers to the process of producing a High resolution (HR) image, making use of one or more Low Resolution (LR) observations. It includes up sampling the image, thereby, increasing the maximum spatial frequency and removing degradations that arise during the image capture namely aliasing and blurring. The work presented in this thesis is based on learning based single image super-resolution. In learning based super-resolution algorithms, a training set or database of available HR images are used to construct the HR image of an image captured using a LR camera. In the training set, images are stored as patches or coefficients of feature representations like wavelet transform, DCT, etc. Single frame image super-resolution can be used in applications where database of HR images are available. The advantage of this method is that by skilfully creating a database of suitable training images, one can improve the quality of the super-resolved image. A new super resolution method based on wavelet transform is developed and it is better than conventional wavelet transform based methods and standard interpolation methods. Super-resolution techniques based on skewed anisotropic transform called directionlet transform are developed to convert a low resolution image which is of small size into a high resolution image of large size. Super-resolution algorithm not only increases the size, but also reduces the degradations occurred during the process of capturing image. This method outperforms the standard interpolation methods and the wavelet methods, both visually and in terms of SNR values. Artifacts like aliasing and ringing effects are also eliminated in this method. The super-resolution methods are implemented using, both critically sampled and over sampled directionlets. The conventional directionlet transform is computationally complex. Hence lifting scheme is used for implementation of directionlets. The new single image super-resolution method based on lifting scheme reduces computational complexity and thereby reduces computation time. The quality of the super resolved image depends on the type of wavelet basis used. A study is conducted to find the effect of different wavelets on the single image super-resolution method. Finally this new method implemented on grey images is extended to colour images and noisy images

Development of 2-D MRT based Image Compression Techniques

The thesis explores the area of still image compression. The image compression techniques can be broadly classified into lossless and lossy compression. The most common lossy compression techniques are based on Transform coding, Vector Quantization and Fractals. Transform coding is the simplest of the above and generally employs reversible transforms like, DCT, DWT, etc. Mapped Real Transform (MRT) is an evolving integer transform, based on real additions alone. The present research work aims at developing new image compression techniques based on MRT. Most of the transform coding techniques employ fixed block size image segmentation, usually 8×8. Hence, a fixed block size transform coding is implemented using MRT and the merits and demerits are analyzed for both 8×8 and 4×4 blocks. The N2 unique MRT coefficients, for each block, are computed using templates. Considering the merits and demerits of fixed block size transform coding techniques, a hybrid form of these techniques is implemented to improve the performance of compression. The performance of the hybrid coder is found to be better compared to the fixed block size coders. Thus, if the block size is made adaptive, the performance can be further improved. In adaptive block size coding, the block size may vary from the size of the image to 2×2. Hence, the computation of MRT using templates is impractical due to memory requirements. So, an adaptive transform coder based on Unique MRT (UMRT), a compact form of MRT, is implemented to get better performance in terms of PSNR and HVS The suitability of MRT in vector quantization of images is then experimented. The UMRT based Classified Vector Quantization (CVQ) is implemented subsequently. The edges in the images are identified and classified by employing a UMRT based criteria. Based on the above experiments, a new technique named “MRT based Adaptive Transform Coder with Classified Vector Quantization (MATC-CVQ)”is developed. Its performance is evaluated and compared against existing techniques. A comparison with standard JPEG & the well-known Shapiro’s Embedded Zero-tree Wavelet (EZW) is done and found that the proposed technique gives better performance for majority of images

Spatially Adaptive Image Denoising Techniques Using Directionlets

The aim of the thesis was to design and develop spatially adaptive denoising techniques with edge and feature preservation, for images corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise and SAR images affected with speckle noise. Image denoising is a well researched topic. It has found multifaceted applications in our day to day life. Image denoising based on multi resolution analysis using wavelet transform has received considerable attention in recent years. The directionlet based denoising schemes presented in this thesis are effective in preserving the image specific features like edges and contours in denoising. Scope of this research is still open in areas like further optimization in terms of speed and extension of the techniques to other related areas like colour and video image denoising. Such studies would further augment the practical use of these techniques.

Der Prothesengott - Subjektivität und Transplantationsmedizin

Im Dezember 1997 veröffentlichte die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung den als Rechtsgutachten abgefassten Beitrag des Heidelberger Juristen Friedrich-Christian Schoeder (Schroeder 1997). Die Frage, die Autor und Zeitung eher spielerisch als aus konkretem Anlass umtrieb, galt dem rechtlichen Status eines Menschen, dessen Kopf auf den Körper eines anderen Menschen transplantiert wurde. Medizinisch waren und sind solche Eingriffe noch nicht durchführbar, aber immerhin schienen sie für den Autor und die Zeitung eine Aktualität zu besitzen. Auch bei folgenden Auseinandersetzungen, die in den Medien um die Konsequenzen der medizinisch-technischen Entwicklung geführt wurden, geraten Bewusstsein, Subjektivität und Körper zum statischem Abbild des Gegenwärtigen, sie werden nicht als Substrat historischer Prozesse begriffen. Ohne den Begriff der Vergangenheit plaudern sich eine Vielzahl Autoren durch die Zukunft. In dieser muss auch der auf einen fremden Körper übertragene Kopf als Rechtssubjekt verwaltet werden. Aber wie verändert sich der Mensch, durch eine medizinische Maßnahme vervollständigt, die dauerhaft seine Körpergrenze verschiebt? Die Transplantationsmedizin ist bei der Auseinandersetzung um Subjektivität nicht nur dann von besonderem Interesse, wenn ein Kopf auf, sondern auch, wenn ein gespendetes Organ in einen fremden Körper verpflanzt wird. Die Trennung von Fremd und Eigen, Außen und Innen ist eng mit dem Zivilisationsprozess und der Subjektwerdung verbunden. Was körperlich durch medizinische Maßnahmen verschoben wird, die Grenze zwischen Außen und Innen, ist die Bedingung der Möglichkeit von Subjektivität. Der Titel dieser Arbeit, Der Prothesengott, verweist auf die individuellen und zivilisatorischen Leistungen, die vollbracht werden mussten, um mit Fug und Recht „Ich“ sagen zu können. Der Begriff Prothesengott ist der Freudschen Schrift Das Unbehagen in der Kultur entnommen. Freud schreibt dort vom Ideal des Prothesengottes und das erste Kapitel der hier vorgelegten Arbeit ist der Entfaltung dieses Ideals gewidmet. Dieses Begriffspaar hat mehr Bedeutungsnuancen, als Freud an Ort und Stelle entwickelte. Es umfasst die Bedeutung von Mythos und Gott als Prothesen, als Ideale, die den Menschen vervollständigten. Aber auch die Bedeutung von Theorien, Ideen, schlicht Idealen als Prothesen Gottes ist angesprochen, und damit der Versuch, den Verlust Gottes auszugleichen. Und zu guter Letzt benennt es das Ideal eines Gottes durch Prothesen, die Apotheose, wie Freud sie meinte: Als Vergötzung der Prothesen, mit denen der Mensch sich vervollständigt, um sich nach dem Tod Gottes selber ein Versprechen auf Erlösung sein zu können. Mit dieser Entfaltung soll die Zivilisation wie die individuelle Entwicklung als ein Prozess rekonstruiert werden, in dem Subjektivität gleichzeitig hervorgebracht und beschädigt wird. Diese Dialektik von Zivilisation und Barbarisierung findet ihren vorläufigen Höhepunkt im Fortschreiten der technischen Mittel unserer Zeit. Zur empirischen Fassung der historisch vorfindlichen Subjektivität wurden Patienten der Transplantationseinheit der Universität Leipzig gebeten, in den ersten drei Monaten nach der Operation Tagebücher auszufüllen. Diese Tagebücher wurden mit statistischen und hermeneutischen Methoden ausgewertet. Die Transplantationserfahrung offenbart sich in den Tagebüchern zwar als besondere, aber in eine Vielzahl von Techniken der Körpergestaltung eingebettete Maßnahme. Neben einer kritischen Würdigung des methodischen Vorgehens wird im fünften Kapitel die Transplantationserfahrung in den Kontext anderer Forschungsergebnisse zur Gestaltung des Körpers gestellt. Deren kritische Diskussion und die Transplantationserfahrungen bieten einen Ausblick darauf, was Eingedenken der Natur im Subjekt heute bedeuten kann.