Myeloid differentiation factor-88/interleukin-1 signaling controls cardiac fibrosis and heart failure progression in inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy.

RATIONALE: The myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88/interleukin (IL)-1 axis activates self-antigen-presenting cells and promotes autoreactive CD4(+) T-cell expansion in experimental autoimmune myocarditis, a mouse model of inflammatory heart disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the role of MyD88 and IL-1 in the progression of acute myocarditis to an end-stage heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using alpha-myosin heavy chain peptide (MyHC-alpha)-loaded, activated dendritic cells, we induced myocarditis in wild-type and MyD88(-/-) mice with similar distributions of heart-infiltrating cell subsets and comparable CD4(+) T-cell responses. Injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or MyHC-alpha/CFA into diseased mice promoted cardiac fibrosis, induced ventricular dilation, and impaired heart function in wild-type but not in MyD88(-/-) mice. Experiments with chimeric mice confirmed the bone marrow origin of the fibroblasts replacing inflammatory infiltrates and showed that MyD88 and IL-1 receptor type I signaling on bone marrow-derived cells was critical for development of cardiac fibrosis during progression to heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a critical role of MyD88/IL-1 signaling in the bone marrow compartment in postinflammatory cardiac fibrosis and heart failure and point to novel therapeutic strategies against inflammatory cardiomyopathy.

Animal Industry News, February 2001, Vol. 2, no. 1

Newsletter produced by Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship about the animal industry in Iowa.

Animal Industry News, April 2002, Vol. 3, no. 1

Newsletter produced by Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship about the animal industry in Iowa.

Animal Industry News, February 2005, Vol. 6, no. 1

Newsletter produced by Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship about the animal industry in Iowa.

Animal Industry News, April 2006, Vol. 7, no. 1

Newsletter produced by Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship about the animal industry in Iowa.

Transglutaminase 1-deficient recessive lamellar ichthyosis associated with a LINE-1 insertion in Jack Russell terrier dogs.

BACKGROUND: Congenital, nonepidermolytic cornification disorders phenotypically resembling human autosomal recessive ichthyosis have been described in purebred dog breeds, including Jack Russell terrier (JRT) dogs. One cause of gene mutation important to humans and dogs is transposon insertions. OBJECTIVES: To describe an autosomal recessive, severe nonepidermolytic ichthyosis resembling lamellar ichthyosis (LI) in JRT dogs due to insertion of a long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE-1) in the transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene. METHODS: Dogs were evaluated clinically, and skin samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. Phenotypic information and genotyping with a canine microsatellite marker suggested TGM1 to be a candidate gene. Genomic DNA samples and cDNA generated from epidermal RNA were examined. Consequences of the mutation were evaluated by Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme activity from cultured keratinocytes. RESULTS: Affected dogs had generalized severe hyperkeratosis. Histological examination defined laminated to compact hyperkeratosis without epidermolysis; ultrastructurally, cornified envelopes were thin. Affected dogs were homozygous for a 1980-bp insertion within intron 9 of TGM1. The sequence of the insertion was that of a canine LINE-1 element. Quantitative RT-PCR indicated a significant decrease in TGM1 mRNA in affected dogs compared with wild-type. TGM1 protein was markedly decreased on immunoblotting, and membrane-associated enzyme activity was diminished in affected dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on morphological and molecular features, this disease is homologous with TGM1-deficient LI in humans, clinically models LI better than the genetically modified mouse and represents its first spontaneous animal model. This is the first reported form of LI due to transposon insertion.

Perdas de solo e água em plantio de Acacia mangium wild e savana em Roraima, norte da Amazônia

Plantios florestais de Acacia mangium constituem uma alternativa cada vez mais adotada em áreas de savanas do norte da Amazônia (Roraima) e podem causar alterações significativas de características do solo. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar perdas de solo e de água por erosão, que ocorrem em escoamento superficial (run off) em savana nativa e plantios de acácia na região Amazônica. Para isso, foram instaladas em duas fazendas, Santa Rita e Araçá, localizadas no município de Bonfim, na região da Serra da Lua, calhas coletoras de sedimentos, acopladas a caixas d'água, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Foram determinadas a granulometria, a densidade aparente (Dap), a resistência à penetração (RP) e a velocidade de infiltração (VIB), bem como parâmetros físicos relacionados a perdas de solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos: cobertura natural de savana (SV), plantio de Acacia mangium com um ano de idade (P1) e plantio de Acacia mangium com quatro anos de idade (P4), em três repetições. O experimento teve a duração de 12 meses (setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007). Os resultados indicaram maiores perdas de solo e de água no plantio mais recente de acácia (P1), de savana nativa e do plantio com 4 anos (P4). Os resultados foram atribuídos à exposição do solo no período inicial de desenvolvimento da planta, ao selamento superficial e à coesão do solo. O pico de perdas de solo ocorreu nos meses de abril a agosto, sendo o tipo de cobertura vegetal o fator determinante para redução das perdas de solo e de água por erosão, sendo que as práticas de plantio no sentido do declive provavelmente agravaram as perdas de solo nos plantios de Acácia. Neste trabalho, a densidade do solo e o teor de matéria orgânica não representaram bons indicadores do tipo de manejo adotado na área.

Foreign trade traps in the european periphery: Spain, 1870-1913

In this article we research into the difficulties that foreign trade imposed onSpanish process of integration into the international economy in the years priorto the First World War. We start out by examining some features of the foreigntrade structure of the country. By means of an econometric analysis of importand export series, it is possible to observe the presence of a trend towards tradedeficit, which was in force when Spain grew at a rate similar to that of itstrading partners. We also check that, in the absence of these compensatorymechanisms, adjustment in foreign payments could be reached by means ofprotective measures and the exchange rate.

The First World War and coal trade geography in Latin America and the Caribbean (1890-1930)

This paper aims to illustrate the dynamics of coal trade between Latin America and its main trade partners, i.e. the USA, Great Britain and Germany, before and after the enormous disruption caused by the First World War. The coal trade was used as an indicator of modernization for Latin American countries, given that oil was at that time of secondary importance. Energy imports have determined the possibilities of each Latin American country in its process of development. Here we address this question and place special emphasis on supply channels, concluding that the trade link with main suppliers was of key significance. Although this was very clear by the end of the period, the process had started well before the First World War, at least for the majority of LA&C countries. These points are developed through a gravity model applied to the bilateral coal trade. The importance of the market supplier share is addressed through cluster methodologies.