Enfoque diferencial de edad en la política de reparación individual dirigida a niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia

Teniendo en cuenta que la reparación es un derecho con características particulares, especialmente para la infancia y la adolescencia, la presente investigación revisa los alcances del enfoque diferencial de edad en esta política en Colombia. Para cumplir este objetivo se realizó un análisis de la legislación internacional, legislación nacional actual y como un caso tipo, el Decreto de Reparación Individual Administrativa (Decreto 1290 de 2008). De esta forma, se ubica respecto a la reparación desde una visión subjetivista de los derechos humanos, entendiéndola no solo como una obligación del Estado sino como un derecho en sí mismo, y por lo tanto en este marco, revalora el enfoque diferencial de edad como un reto de la política concibiéndolo como la intencionalidad de la sociedad y el Estado de consolidar legislaciones y prácticas sociales sensibles a las subjetividades, necesidades y demandas de los niños, las niñas y los adolescentes como respuesta al principio de igualdad para incluirles como ciudadanos y superar la hegemonía del discurso adultocéntrico. De este modo, se constituye como aporte para las instituciones que tienen el deber de incluir el derecho a la reparación integral de la infancia y la adolescencia en la formulación y ejecución de la política pública y contribuye para que los niños, niñas y adolescentes sean visibilizados de manera efectiva en los mecanismos y procedimientos diseñados para tal fin en Colombia.

Narrativa latinoamericana de fin de siglo: mundos del melodrama, lo marginal y la condición femenina

El presente ensayo estudia las obras literarias y autores latinoamericanos que publicaron entre 1970 e inicios del siglo XXI. Está inscrito en el proyecto más amplio de los Manuales de Literatura Hispanoamericana y Española, para el Programa de Reforma Curricular del Bachillerato. Se busca una aproximación crítica a las diversas narrativas surgidas con posterioridad a la del llamado Boom; están agrupadas en dos conjuntos: los autores inmediatamente posteriores al Boom, y los de fin de siglo; se analiza las temáticas que proponen, las cuales se relacionan con los nuevos desafíos de la realidad socio-política y económica de la región. El estudio incluye una pequeña guía para trabajar con los estudiantes, al final de cada obra que se revisa.

Populismo: ¿definición o indefinición?. Utilidad del concepto populismo para describir los nuevos liderazgos en América Latina

La presente investigación tiene como propósito identificar la utilidad o no del concepto populismo para describir los nuevos liderazgos en América Latina. En un acto de honestidad, reconozco mi lugar de enunciación al rechazar el uso arbitrario y peyorativo del adjetivo “populista”, hecho que curiosamente influyó en mi elección del método lógico de Sartori para analizar el populismo. Ciertamente el enfoque positivista ha servido políticamente para condenar las experiencias denominadas “populistas”, no obstante, considero posible hacer una lectura alternativa que permita observar desde el propio el racionalismo técnico el uso muchas veces arbitrario del vocablo. Mi modesta contribución consiste en aplicar por vez primera la escalera de abstracción de Sartori al análisis conceptual del populismo como ejercicio demostrativo de lo que éste llama estiramiento conceptual, asimismo aportar al análisis de su utilidad dentro de las ciencias sociales, sin pretensiones de una investigación concluyente o de cerrar un debate donde es posible aportar desde múltiples visiones. A partir de este método, organizo y analizo las definiciones del populismo de Laclau, del populismo clásico, del neopopulismo y del populismo radical. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran la ambigüedad y vaguedad del populismo como resultado de su estiramiento conceptual, hecho que el método positivista considera contraproducente para el “conocimiento científico”; no obstante, esta postura es dentro del post-estructuralismo de Laclau una de las principales limitaciones ontológicas de la teoría política para comprender fenómenos tan complejos como el populismo. Según el racionalismo técnico, utilizar el concepto populismo para describir los nuevos liderazgos de América Latina supondría una serie de dificultades como: distinguir entre una larga lista de características desorganizadas aquellas que son realmente definidoras y descartar las triviales, identificar los verdaderos referentes del concepto respecto de sus límites, empleo del término con significados divergentes y la pérdida de rigurosidad científica al migrar hacia el lenguaje corriente de los medios y del discurso político. Por ello, en la corriente sartoriana la utilidad del concepto dependerá de la posibilidad de reconstruirlo según los parámetros del método lógico. La escalera de abstracción y su Ley de variación inversa serán fundamentales en este proceso.

Evolution of late glacial ice-marginal lakes on the northwestern Canadian Shield and their influence on the location of the Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream

During deglaciation of the North American Laurentide Ice Sheet large proglacial lakes developed in positions where proglacial drainage was impeded by the ice margin. For some of these lakes, it is known that subsequent drainage had an abrupt and widespread impact on North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate, but less is known about the impact that the lakes exerted on ice sheet dynamics. This paper reports palaeogeographic reconstructions of the evolution of proglacial lakes during deglaciation across the northwestern Canadian Shield, covering an area in excess of 1,000,000 km(2) as the ice sheet retreated some 600 km. The interactions between proglacial lakes and ice sheet flow are explored, with a particular emphasis on whether the disposition of lakes may have influenced the location of the Dubawnt Lake ice stream. This ice stream falls outside the existing paradigm for ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet because it did not operate over fined-grained till or lie in a topographic trough. Ice margin positions and a digital elevation model are utilised to predict the geometry and depth of proglacial takes impounded at the margin at 30-km increments during deglaciation. Palaeogeographic reconstructions match well with previous independent estimates of lake coverage inferred from field evidence, and results suggest that the development of a deep lake in the Thelon drainage basin may have been influential in initiating the ice stream by inducing calving, drawing down ice and triggering fast ice flow. This is the only location alongside this sector of the ice sheet where large (>3000 km(2)), deep lakes (similar to120 m) are impounded for a significant length of time and exactly matches the location of the ice stream. It is speculated that the commencement of calving at the ice sheet margin may have taken the system beyond a threshold and was sufficient to trigger rapid motion but that once initiated, calving processes and losses were insignificant to the functioning of the ice stream. It is thus concluded that proglacial lakes are likely to have been an important control on ice sheet dynamics during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex

The degree to which perceived controllability alters the way a stressor is experienced varies greatly among individuals. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural activation associated with individual differences in the impact of perceived controllability on self-reported pain perception. Subjects with greater activation in response to uncontrollable (UC) rather than controllable (C) pain in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and posterior insula/SII reported higher levels of pain during the UC versus C conditions. Conversely, subjects with greater activation in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in anticipation of pain in the UC versus C conditions reported less pain in response to UC versus C pain. Activation in the VLPFC was significantly correlated with the acceptance and denial subscales of the COPE inventory [Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283, 1989], supporting the interpretation that this anticipatory activation was associated with an attempt to cope with the emotional impact of uncontrollable pain. A regression model containing the two prefrontal clusters (VLPFC and pACC) predicted 64% of the variance in pain rating difference, with activation in the two additional regions (PAG and insula/SII) predicting almost no additional variance. In addition to supporting the conclusion that the impact of perceived controllability on pain perception varies highly between individuals, these findings suggest that these effects are primarily top-down, driven by processes in regions of the prefrontal cortex previously associated with cognitive modulation of pain and emotion regulation.

Individual Differences in Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity are Associated with Evaluation Speed and Psychological Well-being

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether individual differences in amygdala activation in response to negative relative to neutral information are related to differences in the speed with which such information is evaluated, the extent to which such differences are associated with medial prefrontal cortex function, and their relationship with measures of trait anxiety and psychological well-being (PWB). Results indicated that faster judgments of negative relative to neutral information were associated with increased left and right amygdala activation. In the prefrontal cortex, faster judgment time was associated with relative decreased activation in a cluster in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, BA 24). Furthermore, people who were slower to evaluate negative versus neutral information reported higher PWB. Importantly, higher PWB was strongly associated with increased activation in the ventral ACC for negative relative to neutral information. Individual differences in trait anxiety did not predict variation in judgment time or in amygdala or ventral ACC activity. These findings suggest that people high in PWB effectively recruit the ventral ACC when confronted with potentially aversive stimuli, manifest reduced activity in subcortical regions such as the amygdala, and appraise such information as less salient as reflected in slower evaluative speed.

Individual differences in some (but not all) medial prefrontal regions reflect cognitive demand while regulating unpleasant emotion.

The present study investigated the premise that individual differences in autonomic physiology could be used to specify the nature and consequences of information processing taking place in medial prefrontal regions during cognitive reappraisal of unpleasant pictures. Neural (blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging) and autonomic (electrodermal [EDA], pupil diameter, cardiac acceleration) signals were recorded simultaneously as twenty-six older people (ages 64–66 years) used reappraisal to increase, maintain, or decrease their responses to unpleasant pictures. EDA was higher when increasing and lower when decreasing compared to maintaining. This suggested modulation of emotional arousal by reappraisal. By contrast, pupil diameter and cardiac acceleration were higher when increasing and decreasing compared to maintaining. This suggested modulation of cognitive demand. Importantly, reappraisal-related activation (increase, decrease > maintain) in two medial prefrontal regions (dorsal medial frontal gyrus and dorsal cingulate gyrus) was correlated with greater cardiac acceleration (increase, decrease > maintain) and monotonic changes in EDA (increase > maintain > decrease). These data indicate that these two medial prefrontal regions are involved in the allocation of cognitive resources to regulate unpleasant emotion, and that they modulate emotional arousal in accordance with the regulatory goal. The emotional arousal effects were mediated by the right amygdala. Reappraisal-related activation in a third medial prefrontal region (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex) was not associated with similar patterns of change in any of the autonomic measures, thus highlighting regional specificity in the degree to which cognitive demand is reflected in medial prefrontal activation during reappraisal.