Recomendações para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de suporte às primeiras decisões projetuais visando ao desempenho energético de edificações de escritório em clima quente

PEDRINI, Aldomar; SZOKOLAY, Steven. Recomendações para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de suporte às primeiras decisões projetuais visando ao desempenho energético de edificações de escritório em clima quente. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 5, n. 1, p.39-54, jan./mar. 2005. Trimestral. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 04 out. 2010.

Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of concentrated solar power plants in Libya

The PhD project addresses the potential of using concentrating solar power (CSP) plants as a viable alternative energy producing system in Libya. Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental analyses are carried out for a particular type of CSP plants. The study, although it aims a particular type of CSP plant – 50 MW parabolic trough-CSP plant, it is sufficiently general to be applied to other configurations. The novelty of the study, in addition to modeling and analyzing the selected configuration, lies in the use of a state-of-the-art exergetic analysis combined with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The modeling and simulation of the plant is carried out in chapter three and they are conducted into two parts, namely: power cycle and solar field. The computer model developed for the analysis of the plant is based on algebraic equations describing the power cycle and the solar field. The model was solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software; and is designed to define the properties at each state point of the plant and then, sequentially, to determine energy, efficiency and irreversibility for each component. The developed model has the potential of using in the preliminary design of CSPs and, in particular, for the configuration of the solar field based on existing commercial plants. Moreover, it has the ability of analyzing the energetic, economic and environmental feasibility of using CSPs in different regions of the world, which is illustrated for the Libyan region in this study. The overall feasibility scenario is completed through an hourly analysis on an annual basis in chapter Four. This analysis allows the comparison of different systems and, eventually, a particular selection, and it includes both the economic and energetic components using the “greenius” software. The analysis also examined the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The main technological finding of this analysis is higher performance and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for Libya as compared to Southern Europe (Spain). Therefore, Libya has the potential of becoming attractive for the establishment of CSPs in its territory and, in this way, to facilitate the target of several European initiatives that aim to import electricity generated by renewable sources from North African and Middle East countries. The analysis is presented a brief review of the current cost of energy and the potential of reducing the cost from parabolic trough- CSP plant. Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessment analyses are conducted for the selected plant in chapter Five; the objectives are 1) to assess the environmental impact and cost, in terms of exergy of the life cycle of the plant; 2) to find out the points of weakness in terms of irreversibility of the process; and 3) to verify whether solar power plants can reduce environmental impact and the cost of electricity generation by comparing them with fossil fuel plants, in particular, Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) plant and oil thermal power plant. The analysis also targets a thermoeconomic analysis using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to evaluate the level of the cost caused by exergy destruction. The main technological findings are that the most important contribution impact lies with the solar field, which reports a value of 79%; and the materials with the vi highest impact are: steel (47%), molten salt (25%) and synthetic oil (21%). The “Human Health” damage category presents the highest impact (69%) followed by the “Resource” damage category (24%). In addition, the highest exergy demand is linked to the steel (47%); and there is a considerable exergetic demand related to the molten salt and synthetic oil with values of 25% and 19%, respectively. Finally, in the comparison with fossil fuel power plants (NGCC and Oil), the CSP plant presents the lowest environmental impact, while the worst environmental performance is reported to the oil power plant followed by NGCC plant. The solar field presents the largest value of cost rate, where the boiler is a component with the highest cost rate among the power cycle components. The thermal storage allows the CSP plants to overcome solar irradiation transients, to respond to electricity demand independent of weather conditions, and to extend electricity production beyond the availability of daylight. Numerical analysis of the thermal transient response of a thermocline storage tank is carried out for the charging phase. The system of equations describing the numerical model is solved by using time-implicit and space-backward finite differences and which encoded within the Matlab environment. The analysis presented the following findings: the predictions agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region, particularly for the regions away from the top-inlet. The deviations observed in the near-region of the inlet are most likely due to the high-level of turbulence in this region due to the localized level of mixing resulting; a simple analytical model to take into consideration this increased turbulence level was developed and it leads to some improvement of the predictions; this approach requires practically no additional computational effort and it relates the effective thermal diffusivity to the mean effective velocity of the fluid at each particular height of the system. Altogether the study indicates that the selected parabolic trough-CSP plant has the edge over alternative competing technologies for locations where DNI is high and where land usage is not an issue, such as the shoreline of Libya.

Controladores repetitivos aplicados a filtros ativos de potência sob variações de carga e de frequência da rede

This work presents the development and modification of techniques to reduce the effects of load variation and mains frequency deviation in repetitive controllers applied to active power filters. To minimize the effects of aperiodic signals resulting from the connection or disconnection of non-linear loads is developed a technique which recognizes linear and nonlinear loads, and operates to reset the controller only when the error due to the transition of considerable value, and the transition is from non-linear to linear load. An algorithm to adapt the gain of the repetitive controller, based on a sigmoid function adaptation, in order to minimize the effects caused by random noise in the measurement system is also used. This work also analyzes the effects of frequency variation and presents the main methods to cope with this situation. Some solutions are the change in the number of samples per period and the variation of the sampling rate. The first has the advantage of using linear design techniques and results in a time invariant system. The second method changes the sampling frequency and leads to a time variant system that demands a difficult analysis of stability. The proposed algorithms were tested using the methods of truncation of the number of samples and the method of changing the sampling rate of the system to compensate possible frequency variations of the grid. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposal.

Diagnóstico automático de eventos e distúrbios em unidades geradoras e usinas utilizando lógica fuzzy

The electric power systems are getting more complex and covering larger areas day by day. This fact has been contribuiting to the development of monitoring techniques that aim to help the analysis, control and planning of power systems. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Wide Area Measurement Systems and disturbance record systems. Unlike SCADA and WAMS, disturbance record systems are mainly used for offilne analysis in occurrences where a fault resulted in tripping of and apparatus such as a transimission line, transformer, generator and so on. The device responsible for record the disturbances is called Digital Fault Recorder (DFR) and records, basically, electrical quantities as voltage and currents and also, records digital information from protection system devices. Generally, in power plants, all the DFRs data are centralized in the utility data centre and it results in an excess of data that difficults the task of analysis by the specialist engineers. This dissertation shows a new methodology for automated analysis of disturbances in power plants. A fuzzy reasoning system is proposed to deal with the data from the DFRs. The objective of the system is to help the engineer resposnible for the analysis of the DFRs’s information by means of a pre-classification of data. For that, the fuzzy system is responsible for generating unit operational state diagnosis and fault classification.

Transformada wavelet aplicada a análise automática de oscilografias de curta duração em unidades geradoras

The focus of this work is the automatic analysis of disturbance records for electrical power generating units. The main proposition is a method based on wavelet transform applied to short-term disturbance records (waveform records). The goal of the method is to detect the time instants of recorded disturbances and extract meaningful information that characterize the faults. The result is a set of representative information of the monitored signals in power generators. This information can be further classified by an expert system (or other classification method) in order to classify the faults and other abnormal operating conditions. The large amount of data produced by digital fault recorders during faults justify the research of methods to assist the analysts in their task of analysing the disturbances. The literature review pointed out the state of the art and possible applications for oscillography records. The review of the COMTRADE standard and wavelet transform underlines the choice of the method for solving the problem. The conducted tests lead to the determination of the best mother wavelet for the segmentation process. The application of the proposed method to five case studies with real oscillographic records confirmed the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme. With this research, the post-operation analysis of occurrences is improved and as a direct result is the reduction of the time that generators are offline.

Arquitetura para o desenvolvimento de unidades de medição fasorial sincronizada no monitoramento a nível de distribuição

This work presents a low cost architecture for development of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMU). The device is intended to be connected in the low voltage grid, which allows the monitoring of transmission and distribution networks. Developments of this project include a complete PMU, with instrumentation module for use in low voltage network, GPS module to provide the sync signal and time stamp for the measures, processing unit with the acquisition system, phasor estimation and formatting data according to the standard and finally, communication module for data transmission. For the development and evaluation of the performance of this PMU, it was developed a set of applications in LabVIEW environment with specific features that let analyze the behavior of the measures and identify the sources of error of the PMU, as well as to apply all the tests proposed by the standard. The first application, useful for the development of instrumentation, consists of a function generator integrated with an oscilloscope, which allows the generation and acquisition of signals synchronously, in addition to the handling of samples. The second and main, is the test platform, with capabality of generating all tests provided by the synchronized phasor measurement standard IEEE C37.118.1, allowing store data or make the analysis of the measurements in real time. Finally, a third application was developed to evaluate the results of the tests and generate calibration curves to adjust the PMU. The results include all the tests proposed by synchrophasors standard and an additional test that evaluates the impact of noise. Moreover, through two prototypes connected to the electrical installation of consumers in same distribution circuit, it was obtained monitoring records that allowed the identification of loads in consumer and power quality analysis, beyond the event detection at the distribution and transmission levels.

Controle de uma microrrede ilhada baseada em geração eólica-diesel com alto nível de inserção de geração eólica

The insertion of distributed generation units in the electric power systems have contributed to the popularization of microgrid concepts. With the microgrids, several potential benefits can be achieved in regard to power quality and supply reliability. However, several technical challenges related to the control and operation of microgrids, which are associated with high insertion of generation systems based on static converters, must be overcame. Among the opportunities in the context of microgrids, there is the islanded operation of microgrids temporarily disconnected from the electric power systems and also the autonomous operation of geographically isolated microgrids. The frequency in large power systems is traditionally controlled by the generation units based on traditional synchronous generator. The insertion of distributed generation units based on static power converters may bring difficulties to the frequency control in microgrids, due to the reduction of the equivalent inertia of conventional synchronous generators present in islanded and isolated microgrids. In this context, it becomes necessary the proposition of new operational and control strategies for microgrids control, taking into account the presence of distributed generation units based on full-rated converter. This paper proposes an operational and control strategy for the islanded operation of a winddiesel microgrid with high insertion level of wind generation. The microgrid adopted in this study comprises of a wind energy conversion system with synchronous generator based on full rated converter, a diesel generator (DIG) and a dump load. Due to the high insertion level of wind generation, the wind unit operates in Vf mode and the diesel generator operates in PQ mode. The diesel generator and the dump load are used to regulate the DC-link voltage of the wind generation unit. The proposed control allows the islanded operation of the microgrid only with wind generation, wind-only mode (WO), and with wind-diesel generation, wind-diesel mode (WD). For the wind-only mode, with 100% of penetration level of wind generation, it is proposed a DC-link voltage control loop based on the use of a DC dump load. For the winddiesel mode, it is proposed a DC-link voltage control loop added to the diesel generator, which is connected to the AC side of the microgrid, in coordinated action with the dump load. The proposed operational and control strategy does not require the use of batteries and aims to maximize the energy production from wind generation, ensuring the uninterrupted operation of the microgrid. The results have showed that the operational and control strategy allowed the stable operation of the islanded microgrid and that the DC-link voltage control loop added to the diesel generator and the dump load proved to be effective during the typical variations of wind speed and load.

Metodologia de otimização estocástica para coordenação eólico-fotovoltaica

Esta dissertação incide sobre o tema da coordenação entre sistemas eólicos e fotovoltaicos que participam no mercado de eletricidade. A incerteza da potência eólica e fotovoltaica é uma caraterística predominante nesta coordenação, devendo ser considerada no planeamento ótimo de sistemas eólico-fotovoltaicos. A fim de modelizar a incerteza é apresentada uma metodologia de otimização estocástica baseada em programação linear para maximizar o lucro esperado de uma empresa produtora de energia elétrica que participa no mercado diário. A coordenação entre sistemas eólicos e fotovoltaicos visa mitigar os desequilíbrios de energia, resultantes das ofertas horárias submetidas no mercado diário e, consequentemente, reduzir as penalizações financeiras. Os resultados da coordenação entre um sistema eólico e um sistema fotovoltaico são comparados com os resultados obtidos para a operação não coordenada. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a metodologia desenvolvida aplicada à coordenação apresenta um lucro esperado superior ao lucro obtido para a operação não coordenada; Abstract Stochastic Optimization Methodology for Wind-Photovoltaic Coordination This dissertation focuses on the issue of coordination between wind and photovoltaic systems participating in electricity markets. The uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic power is a main characteristic of these systems, which must be included in the optimal scheduling of the coordination of wind with photovoltaic systems. In order to model the uncertainty is presented a stochastic approach based on linear programming to maximize the profit of a wind photovoltaic power producer which participates in electricity markets. The coordination of wind with photovoltaic systems aims to mitigate the energy deviations, as a result of the participation in day-ahead market and therefore reducing economic penalties. The results obtained by the coordination are compared to results obtained by the separated operation of wind and photovoltaic systems. The results allow concluding that the proposed approach applied to the coordination presents an expected profit higher than the expected profit without coordination.

Teoria de carteiras e a alocação de parques eólicos offshore

The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore

Mathematical analysis of maximum power generated by photovoltaic systems and fitting curves for standard test conditions

The rural electrification is characterized by geographical dispersion of the population, low consumption, high investment by consumers and high cost. Moreover, solar radiation constitutes an inexhaustible source of energy and in its conversion into electricity photovoltaic panels are used. In this study, equations were adjusted to field conditions presented by the manufacturer for current and power of small photovoltaic systems. The mathematical analysis was performed on the photovoltaic rural system I- 100 from ISOFOTON, with power 300 Wp, located at the Experimental Farm Lageado of FCA/UNESP. For the development of such equations, the circuitry of photovoltaic cells has been studied to apply iterative numerical methods for the determination of electrical parameters and possible errors in the appropriate equations in the literature to reality. Therefore, a simulation of a photovoltaic panel was proposed through mathematical equations that were adjusted according to the data of local radiation. The results have presented equations that provide real answers to the user and may assist in the design of these systems, once calculated that the maximum power limit ensures a supply of energy generated. This real sizing helps establishing the possible applications of solar energy to the rural producer and informing the real possibilities of generating electricity from the sun.

Método de análise de vulnerabilidade utilizando redes complexas : aplicação na rede de transporte aéreo brasileira

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Photovoltaic power forecast modeling with artificial neural networks

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Estudo de oportunidades de melhoria de eficiência energética na Rectimold

A melhoria de eficiência energética num contexto mundial é, na atualidade, uma área de grande relevância, devido ao constante aumento dos consumos energéticos, por motivo das necessidades de desenvolvimento dos países. A procura de estratégias de melhoria neste âmbito em ambiente industrial tem o potencial de trazer benefícios comerciais e ambientais significativos. Existem uma infinidade de medidas de eficiência energética e racionalização de consumos, que quando devidamente aplicadas aumentam o desempenho das empresas, com a consequente criação de riqueza e um menor impacte ambiental. O presente projeto teve como principal objetivo o estudo de oportunidades de melhoria de eficiência energética na empresa Rectimold. Esta é uma empresa inserida no ramo da indústria de moldes para injeção de plástico. Uma das etapas do trabalho consistiu na análise global dos consumos energéticos através das faturas, referentes aos anos de 2014 e 2015, onde se verificou que a empresa não está abrangida no âmbito do Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia (SGCIE). Seguidamente, foram instalados analisadores de energia para a recolha de informação detalhada sobre os consumos de energia elétrica. A realização da análise energética incidiu sobre as áreas onde o potencial de economia e redução de consumos será maior, nomeadamente na iluminação, na climatização, na instalação de energias renováveis, no tipo de contratualização de energia elétrica e na introdução de um Sistema de Gestão de Energia (SGE). Nesse âmbito, foram apresentadas diversas propostas para elevar o desempenho energético da empresa, cuja implementação representa uma poupança de consumo energético em cerca de 20%.

Contributos para a certificação energética de edifícios de habitação e de serviços

Na União Europeia, os edifícios de habitação e de serviços apresentam elevados consumo energéticos. Para minimizar estes consumos a Comissão Europeia criou Diretivas, com a consequente transposição para a legislação nacional no âmbito da certificação energética de modo a classificar os edifícios em função do seu desempenho energético. No presente trabalho é realizado o estudo do desempenho energético e da classificação de uma fração destinada a habitação e de uma fração de serviços, tendo presente a análise de uma medida de melhoria baseada na microprodução de energia solar. É referida a evolução legislativa em que se inserem os certificados energéticos, referindo os aspetos a ter em conta na metodologia de cálculo do desempenho energético Faz-se uma descrição sucinta do levantamento e tratamento dos dados de cada imóvel assim como da introdução destes em folhas de cálculo, sendo ainda sugerido medidas de melhoria de modo a obter um melhor desempenho e consequentemente uma classificação superior. O certificado energético destes edifícios permite-nos ter uma classificação da sua prestação energética comparativamente com um edifício “similar” de referência. As medidas de melhoria aplicadas, nomeadamente adoção de um sistema solar térmico termossifão no edifício de habitação e de um sistema fotovoltaico para autoconsumo no edifício de serviços, a médio longo prazo, permitem uma redução de custos da energia. A análise de viabilidade da instalação do sistema fotovoltaico foi executada com recurso ao software Homer Energy. O edifício de habitação obteve uma classificação D e com a aplicação da medida de melhoria obteve uma classificação C, tendo-se obtido uma redução das necessidades anuais de energia primária de 41,8% e de emissões de GEE de 42,9%. O edifício de serviços obteve uma classificação B- e com a medida de melhoria aplicada a classificação manteve-se. No entanto, permite uma redução da fatura energética anual significativa, com uma redução de necessidades de energia primária de 47,8% e de emissão de GEE de 18,6%.

Perfil das gestantes do PSF II do município de Itamogi/MG

Gravidez não é doença, mas traz muitas mudanças na vida de uma mulher. E com isso o Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) tem a prioridade de proporcionar à mulher e seu filho, um bom pré-natal, prevenindo complicações. Este trabalho avaliou o perfil das gestantes (N=54) do PSF II "Eurípedes Vicente de Paula" de Itamogi/MG no ano de 2010. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, epidemiológica e transversal referente às características clínicas, sociodemográficas e familiares das gestantes, através de registros do Sistema de Informação sobre Pré-Natal (SISPRENATAL) e Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB). A idade predominante das gestantes foi de 25 a 39 anos (38,88%) seguida pela idade de 20 a 24 (22,22%), a cor da pele branca ultrapassou os 50% seguida pela cor parda com 27,77%, o principal nível de escolaridade foi o ensino fundamental (66,66%). A maioria das gestantes se encontrava casada (46,29%), e sua ocupação principal foi Do lar (55,55%). O pré-natal foi iniciado no 1º trimestre (66,66%), quase 50% primíparas, grande parte dos partos foram normais (70,17%). O chefe da família das gestantes cadastradas foi em sua maioria do sexo masculino (87,04%) com idade predominante de 21 a 30 anos (37,03%), a renda do chefe de família foi em sua maioria de um salário (48,14%), a média de moradores menores de 14 anos e acima de 15 anos foi de dois. A casa onde residem era feita de tijolo (55,55%) e grande parte delas é própria (68,52%), com energia elétrica, rede de esgoto, tratamento e abastecimento de água. Apenas 3,70% tinham plano de saúde na família, e a procura era primeiro à Unidade de saúde (98,15%); rádio, televisão e celular foram os meios de comunicação mais usados (64,82%). Grupos religiosos são freqüentados por menos da metade das famílias (44,45%), e 31,50% possuíam meio de transporte próprio. A atenção à saúde da mulher na gestação e parto permanece como um desafio tanto no que se refere à qualidade, quanto nos aspectos relacionados em torno do cuidado, ainda hoje centrado em um modelo curativo.