1000 resultados para Saratoga Monument Association.


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BACKGROUND: Genetic factors play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but are poorly understood. A number of candidate genes have been proposed on the basis of the pathogenesis of COPD. These include the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes which play a role in tissue remodelling and fit in with the protease--antiprotease imbalance theory for the cause of COPD. Previous genetic studies of MMPs in COPD have had inadequate coverage of the genes, and have reported conflicting associations of both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNP haplotypes, plausibly due to under-powered studies. METHODS: To address these issues we genotyped 26 SNPs, providing comprehensive coverage of reported SNP variation, in MMPs- 1, 9 and 12 from 977 COPD patients and 876 non-diseased smokers of European descent and evaluated their association with disease singly and in haplotype combinations. We used logistic regression to adjust for age, gender, centre and smoking history. RESULTS: Haplotypes of two SNPs in MMP-12 (rs652438 and rs2276109), showed an association with severe/very severe disease, corresponding to GOLD Stages III and IV. CONCLUSIONS: Those with the common A-A haplotype for these two SNPs were at greater risk of developing severe/very severe disease (p = 0.0039) while possession of the minor G variants at either SNP locus had a protective effect (adjusted odds ratio of 0.76; 95% CI 0.61 - 0.94). The A-A haplotype was also associated with significantly lower predicted FEV1 (42.62% versus 44.79%; p = 0.0129). This implicates haplotypes of MMP-12 as modifiers of disease severity.

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Els canvis socials i economics ocorreguts durant el segle XIX van comportar la introducció d'importants transformacions urbanístiques per adequar la ciutat a les noves necessitats dominants. Diversos problemes de la ciutat reclamaven la recerca de solucions urgents: la millora de la viabilitat dels nuclis urbans, les precaries condicions de vida en els barris obrers -denunciades reiteradament- o, en fi, la necessitat d'encabir la creixent població urbana. La resposta, el conjunt de mesures urbanístiques encaminades a pal·liar aquests déficits, es concreta en la redacció dels plans de reforma i eixample aprovats per la majoria de ciutats catalanes durant la segona meitat del segle.