Capillarity and fibre types in locomotory muscles of wild yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans)

This study analyzes the capillarity and fibre-type distribution of six locomotory muscles of gulls. The morphological basis and the oxygen supply characteristics of the skeletal muscle of a species with a marked pattern of gliding flight are established, thus contributing to a better understanding of the physiology of a kind of flight with low energetic requirements. The four wing muscles studied (scapulotriceps, pectoralis, scapulohumeralis, and extensor metacarpi) exhibited higher percentages of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres (>70%) and lower percentages of slow oxidative fibres (<16%) than the muscles involved in nonflight locomotion (gastrocnemius and iliotibialis). Capillary densities ranged from 816 to 1,233 capillaries mm(-2), having the highest value in the pectoralis. In this muscle, the fast oxidative glycolytic fibres had moderate staining for succinate dehydrogenase and relatively large fibre sizes, as deduced from the low fibre densities (589-665 fibres mm(-2)). All these findings are seen as an adaptive response for gliding, when the wing is held outstretched by isometric contractions. The leg muscles studied included a considerable population of slow oxidative fibres (>14% in many regions), which suggests that they are adapted to postural activities. Regional variations in the relative distributions of fibre types in muscle gastrocnemius may reflect different functional demands placed on this muscle during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion. The predominance of oxidative fibres and capillary densities under 1,000 capillaries mm(-2) in leg muscles is probably a consequence of an adaptation for slow swimming and maintenance of the posture on land rather than for other locomotory capabilities, such as endurance or sprint activities.

Monitoring Fatigue Status with HRV Measures in Elite Athletes : An Avenue Beyond RMSSD?

Among the tools proposed to assess the athlete's "fatigue," the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides an indirect evaluation of the settings of autonomic control of heart activity. HRV analysis is performed through assessment of time-domain indices, the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD) measured during short (5 min) recordings in supine position upon awakening in the morning and particularly the logarithm of RMSSD (LnRMSSD) has been proposed as the most useful resting HRV indicator. However, if RMSSD can help the practitioner to identify a global "fatigue" level, it does not allow discriminating different types of fatigue. Recent results using spectral HRV analysis highlighted firstly that HRV profiles assessed in supine and standing positions are independent and complementary; and secondly that using these postural profiles allows the clustering of distinct sub-categories of "fatigue." Since, cardiovascular control settings are different in standing and lying posture, using the HRV figures of both postures to cluster fatigue state embeds information on the dynamics of control responses. Such, HRV spectral analysis appears more sensitive and enlightening than time-domain HRV indices. The wealthier information provided by this spectral analysis should improve the monitoring of the adaptive training-recovery process in athletes.

La guerre des voix : critique polyphonique et divergences interprétatives dans l'oeuvre de Michel Houellebecq

Cet article vise à explorer la polyphonie des énoncés littéraires et ses effets sur la lecture. Je tenterai de montrer que cette question ne recouvre pas seulement un problème d'attribution, potentiellement insoluble, mais qu'il engage la question fondamentale de la valeur des énoncés fictionnels, que ces valeurs soient esthétiques ou éthiques, ou qu'il s'agisse de la prétention de la fiction à représenter une « vérité », ou du moins un aspect objectif de la réalité. Pour illustrer mon propos, je me servirai d'un court extrait tiré du roman de Michel Houellebecq, La Carte et le territoire. On verra que cette approche implique non seulement le retour de la figure de l'auteur (notamment à travers la prise en compte de sa posture), mais aussi la confrontation entre des lectures programmées par les textes et des lectures concrètes qui, parfois, et même très souvent, divergent des lectures programmées en amont.

Monitoring Fatigue Status with HRV Measures in Elite Athletes: An Avenue Beyond RMSSD?

Among the tools proposed to assess the athlete's "fatigue," the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides an indirect evaluation of the settings of autonomic control of heart activity. HRV analysis is performed through assessment of time-domain indices, the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD) measured during short (5 min) recordings in supine position upon awakening in the morning and particularly the logarithm of RMSSD (LnRMSSD) has been proposed as the most useful resting HRV indicator. However, if RMSSD can help the practitioner to identify a global "fatigue" level, it does not allow discriminating different types of fatigue. Recent results using spectral HRV analysis highlighted firstly that HRV profiles assessed in supine and standing positions are independent and complementary; and secondly that using these postural profiles allows the clustering of distinct sub-categories of "fatigue." Since, cardiovascular control settings are different in standing and lying posture, using the HRV figures of both postures to cluster fatigue state embeds information on the dynamics of control responses. Such, HRV spectral analysis appears more sensitive and enlightening than time-domain HRV indices. The wealthier information provided by this spectral analysis should improve the monitoring of the adaptive training-recovery process in athletes.

L'argumentation dans les contextes de l'éducation

Les programmes scolaires accordent aujourd'hui une place importante à l'argumentation, comme objet d'apprentissage mais aussi comme démarche critique, propice au développement d'une posture citoyenne. Cet intérêt est légitime au vu des recherches récentes en éducation. L'observation des pratiques en classe montre toutefois que l'argumentation est une activité complexe, qui nécessite la coordination d'habiletés cognitives et relationnelles, et sensible aux contextes dans lesquels elle se déploie. Réunissant des contributions de chercheurs de renommée internationale et présentant différents dispositifs pédagogiques, cet ouvrage offre une réflexion sur le lien entre argumentation, apprentissage, contexte et savoirs sur lesquels porte l'argumentation. C'est la conjonction de ces quatre aspects qui fait son originalité et en signe la dimension pluridisciplinaire, à l'intersection de la psychologie, des sciences de l'éducation, des sciences du langage et de la didactique. Ce livre constitue une ressource pour toute personne intéressée par les bases théoriques de l'intégration de l'argumentation en classe, par ses effets sur l'apprentissage, et par les outils d'analyse de l'argumentation en contextes.

Spinal cord injury affects the interplay between visual and sensorimotor representations of the body.

The brain integrates multiple sensory inputs, including somatosensory and visual inputs, to produce a representation of the body. Spinal cord injury (SCI) interrupts the communication between brain and body and the effects of this deafferentation on body representation are poorly understood. We investigated whether the relative weight of somatosensory and visual frames of reference for body representation is altered in individuals with incomplete or complete SCI (affecting lower limbs' somatosensation), with respect to controls. To study the influence of afferent somatosensory information on body representation, participants verbally judged the laterality of rotated images of feet, hands, and whole-bodies (mental rotation task) in two different postures (participants' body parts were hidden from view). We found that (i) complete SCI disrupts the influence of postural changes on the representation of the deafferented body parts (feet, but not hands) and (ii) regardless of posture, whole-body representation progressively deteriorates proportionally to SCI completeness. These results demonstrate that the cortical representation of the body is dynamic, responsive, and adaptable to contingent conditions, in that the role of somatosensation is altered and partially compensated with a change in the relative weight of somatosensory versus visual bodily representations.

Pour une sociologie de chair et de sang

Cet article élabore l'ontologie et la méthodologie sociales de la sociologie charnelle comme mode distinctif d'investigation déjouant la posture spectatrice pour saisir l'action-en-train-de-se-faire, dans le sillage des débats suscités par mon enquête par apprentissage sur la boxe comme art du corps plébéien. Je critique d'abord les notions (dualiste) d'agent, (externaliste) de structure et (mentaliste) de connaissance qui régentent les sciences sociales contemporaines et j'ébauche une conception alternative de l'animal social considéré non pas comme un simple manipulateur de symboles mais comme une créature de chair et de sang sensible, souffrante, sachant-faire, sédimentée et située. Je mets en exergue la primauté du savoir pratique incorporé qui survient des trames d'action dans lesquelles il est continuellement imbriqué, et j'examine quelles sont les modalités d'enquête aptes à déployer et à tirer profit de cette conception incarnée de l'agent. Je soutiens que l'ethnographie énactive, variante du travail de terrain par immersion fondée sur l'« effectuation du phénomène », ouvre une voie féconde pour saisir les schèmes cognitifs, conatifs et cathectiques (habitus) qui génèrent les conduites et sous-tendent le cosmos considéré. Mais il faut de l'audace et de la ténacité sociales pour tirer parti de la « participation observante » et atteindre la compétence sociale (par opposition à la saturation empirique). Je reviens en conclusion sur le dialogue de Bourdieu avec Pascal afin de soupeser les difficultés et de souligner l'urgence de saisir l'« esprit de finesse » qui anime toute compétence mais qui disparaît des comptes-rendus de la science sociale normale.

Correcció postural esportiva utilitzant un sensor Kinect

Aquest projecte s’emmarca dins de l’àmbit de la visió per computador, concretament en la utilització de dades de profunditat obtingudes a través d’un emissor i sensor de llum infraroja.El propòsit principal d’aquest projecte és mostrar com adaptar aquestes tecnologies, a l’abast de qualsevol particular, de forma que un usuari durant la pràctica d’una activitat esportiva concreta, rebi informació visual continua dels moviments i gestos incorrectes que està realitzant, en base a uns paràmetres prèviament establerts.L’objectiu d’aquest projecte consisteix en fer una lectura constant en temps real d’una persona practicant una selecció de diverses activitats esportives estàtiques utilitzant un sensor Kinect. A través de les dades obtingudes pel sensor Kinect i utilitzant les llibreries de “skeleton traking” proporcionades per Microsoft s’haurà d’interpretar les dades posturals obtingudes per cada tipus d’esport i indicar visualment i d’una manera intuïtiva els errors que està cometent en temps real, de manera que es vegi clarament a quina part del seu cos realitza un moviment incorrecte per tal de poder corregir-lo ràpidament. El entorn de desenvolupament que s’utilitza per desenvolupar aquesta aplicació es Microsoft Viusal Studio 2010.El llenguatge amb el qual es treballarà sobre Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 és C#

The relationship between virtual body ownership and temperature sensitivity.

In the rubber hand illusion tactile stimulation seen on a rubber hand, that is synchronous with tactile stimulation felt on the hidden real hand, can lead to an illusion of ownership over the rubber hand. This illusion has been shown to produce a temperature decrease in the hidden hand, suggesting that such illusory ownership produces disownership of the real hand. Here we apply immersive virtual reality (VR) to experimentally investigate this with respect to sensitivity to temperature change. Forty participants experienced immersion in a VR with a virtual body (VB) seen from a first person perspective. For half the participants the VB was consistent in posture and movement with their own body, and in the other half there was inconsistency. Temperature sensitivity on the palm of the hand was measured before and during the virtual experience. The results show that temperature sensitivity decreased in the consistent compared to the inconsistent condition. Moreover, the change in sensitivity was significantly correlated with the subjective illusion of virtual arm ownership but modulated by the illusion of ownership over the full virtual body. This suggests that a full body ownership illusion results in a unification of the virtual and real bodies into one overall entity - with proprioception and tactile sensations on the real body integrated with the visual presence of the virtual body. The results are interpreted in the framework of a"body matrix" recently introduced into the literature.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer in subjects with family history of the disease.

The relationship between lifestyle factors, past medical conditions, daily meal frequency, diet and the risk of 'familial' colorectal cancer has been analysed using data from a case-control study conducted in northern Italy. A total of 1584 colorectal cancer patients and 2879 control subjects were admitted to a network of hospitals in the Greater Milan area and the Pordenone province. The subjects included for analysis were the 112 cases and the 108 control subjects who reported a family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives. Colorectal cancer cases and control subjects with family history were similarly distributed according to sex, age, marital status, years of schooling and social class. Familial colorectal cancer was associated with meal frequency, medical history of diabetes (relative risk, RR = 4.6) and cholelithiasis (RR = 5.2). Significant positive trends of increasing risk with more frequent consumption were observed for pasta (RR = 2.5, for the highest vs the lowest intake tertile), pastries (RR = 2.4), red meat (RR = 2.9), canned meat (RR = 1.9), cheese (RR = 3.5) and butter (RR = 1.9). Significant inverse associations and trends in risk were observed for consumption of poultry (RR = 0.4), tomatoes (RR = 0.2), peppers (RR = 0.3) and lettuce (RR = 0.3). Significant inverse trends in risk with increasing consumption for beta-carotene and ascorbic acid were observed (RR = 0.5 and 0.4 respectively, highest vs lowest intake tertile). These results suggest that risk factors for subjects with a family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives are not appreciably different from recognized risk factors of the disease in the general population.