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Application of thermal neutron radiography for the mass transport of moisture through freezing soil

This thesis reports on the development of a technique to evaluate hydraulic conductivities in a soil (Snowcal) subject to freezing conditions. The technique draws on three distinctly different disciplines, Nuclear Physics, Soil Physics and Remote Sensing to provide a non-destructive and reliable evaluation of hydraulic conductivity throughout a freezing test. Thermal neutron radiography is used to provide information on local water/ice contents at anytime throughout the test. The experimental test rig is designed so that the soil matrix can be radiated by a neutron beam, from a nuclear reactor, to obtain radiographs. The radiographs can then be interpreted, following a process of remote sensing image enhancement, to yield information on relative water/ice contents. Interpretation of the radiographs is accommodated using image analysis equipment capable of distinguishing between 256 shades of grey. Remote sensing image enhancing techniques are then employed to develop false colour images which show the movement of water and development of ice lenses in the soil. Instrumentation is incorporated in the soil in the form of psychrometer/thermocouples, to record water potential, electrical resistance probes to enable ice and water to be differentiated on the radiographs and thermocouples to record the temperature gradient. Water content determinations are made from the enhanced images and plotted against potential measurements to provide the moisture characteristic for the soil. With relevant mathematical theory pore water distributions are obtained and combined with water content data to give hydraulic conductivities. The values for hydraulic conductivity in the saturated soil and at the frozen fringe are compared with established values for silts and silty-sands. The values are in general agreement and, with refinement, this non-destructive technique could afford useful information on a whole range of soils. The technique is of value over other methods because ice lenses are actually seen forming in the soil, supporting the accepted theories of frost action. There are economic and experimental restraints to the work which are associated with the use of a nuclear facility, however, the technique is versatile and has been applied to the study of moisture transfer in porous building materials and could be further developed into other research areas.

Cross sections and Rosenbluth separations from kaon electroproduction on protons up to Q2 = 2.35 (GeV/c)2

The kaon electroproduction reaction H(e, e ′K+)Λ was studied as a function of the four momentum transfer, Q2, for different values of the virtual photon polarization parameter. Electrons and kaons were detected in coincidence in two High Resolution Spectrometers (HRS) at Jefferson Lab. Data were taken at electron beam energies ranging from 3.4006 to 5.7544 GeV. The kaons were identified using combined time of flight information and two Aerogel Čerenkov detectors used for particle identification. For different values of Q2 ranging from 1.90 to 2.35 GeV/c2 the center of mass cross sections for the Λ hyperon were determined for 20 kinematics and the longitudinal, σ L, and transverse, σT, terms were separated using the Rosenbluth separation technique. ^ Comparisons between available models and data have been studied. The comparison supports the t-channel dominance behavior for kaon electroproduction. All models seem to underpredict the transverse cross section. An estimate of the kaon form factor has been explored by determining the sensitivity of the separated cross sections to variations of the kaon EM form factor. From comparison between models and data we can conclude that interpreting the data using the Regge model is quite sensitive to a particular choice for the EM form factors. The data from the E98-108 experiment extends the range of the available kaon electroproduction cross section data to an unexplored region of Q2 where no separations have ever been performed. ^

Coherent rho meson electroproduction off deuteron

QCD predicts Color Transparency (CT), which refers to nuclear medium becoming transparent to a small color neutral object produced in high momentum transfer reactions, due to reduced strong interaction. Despite several studies at BNL, SLAC, FNAL, DESY and Jefferson Lab, a definitive signal for CT still remains elusive. In this dissertation, we present the results of a new study at Jefferson Lab motivated by theoretical calculations that suggest fully exclusive measurement of coherent rho meson electroproduction off the deuteron is a favorable channel for studying CT. Vector meson production has a large cross section at high energies, and the deuteron is the best understood and simplest nuclear system. Exclusivity allows the production and propagation to be controlled separately by controlling Q 2, lf (formation length), lc (coherence length) and t. This control is important as the rapid expansion of small objects increases their interaction probability and masks CT. The CT signal is investigated in a ratio of cross sections at high t (where re-scattering is significant) to low t (where single nucleon reactions dominate). The results are presented over a Q2 range of 1 to 3 GeV2 based on the data taken with beam energy of 6 GeV.