In situ observation of bainite growth during isothermal holding

The mechanism of bainite growth has been investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy observations. It was found that, in a number of alloys studied, a bainitic embryo is made of basic transformation units. These units are either a group of stacking faults or, in two dimensions, a series of parallelograms of different sizes. Thickening/widening of the bainite embryo takes place through shear along the stacking fault planes or twining planes. The bainite embryo is elongated by the formation of new transformation units at both tips of the bainite plate. The three-dimensional morphology of bainite is a convex tens-like lath. It is believed that the bainite embryo grows by shearing, which is controlled by the diffusion of solute atoms during the transformation. As the growth rate is much lower than that of martensite, it is therefore detectable. (c) 2006 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrobacter in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes

The growth, maintenance and lysis processes of Nitrobacter were characterised. A Nitrobacter culture was enriched in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Fluorescent in situ hybridisation showed that Nitrobacter constituted 73% of the bacterial population. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen uptake rate and/or nitrite consumption rate when both nitrite and CO2 were in excess, and in the absence of either of these two substrates. The results obtained, along with the SBR performance data, allowed the determination of the maintenance coefficient and in situ cell lysis rate of Nitrobacter. Nitrobacter spends a significant amount of energy for maintenance, which varies considerably with the specific growth rate. At maximum growth, Nitrobacter consume nitrite at a rate of 0.042 mgN/mgCOD(biomass)center dot h for maintenance purposes, which increases more than threefold to 0.143 mgN/mgCOD(biomass)center dot h in the absence of growth. In the SBR, where Nitrobacter grew at 40% of its maximum growth rate, a maintenance coefficient of 0.113 mgN/mgCOD center dot h was found, resulting in 42% of the total amount of nitrite being consumed for maintenance. The above three maintenance coefficient values obtained at different growth rates appear to support the maintenance model proposed in Pirt (1982). The in situ lysis rate of Nitrobacter was determined to be 0.07/day under aerobic conditions at 22 C and pH 7.3. Further, the maximum specific growth rate of Nitrobacter was estimated to be 0.02/h (0.48/day). The affinity constant of Nitrobacter with respect to nitrite was determined to be 1.50 mgNO(2)(-)-N/L, independent of the presence or absence of CO2. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrosomonas sp in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes

A novel method that relies on the decoupling of the energy production and biosynthesis processes was used to characterise the maintenance, cell lysis and growth processes of Nitrosomonas sp. A Nitrosolnonas culture was enriched in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with ammonium as the sole energy source. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that Nitrosomonas bound to the NEU probe constituted 82% of the bacterial population, while no other known ammonium or nitrite oxidizing bacteria were detected. Batch tests were carried out under conditions that both ammonium and CO, were in excess, and in the absence of one of these two substrates. The oxygen uptake rate and nitrite production rate were measured during these batch tests. The results obtained from these batch tests, along with the SBR performance data, allowed the determination of the maintenance coefficient and the in situ cell lysis rate, as well as the maximum specific growth rate of the Nitrosomonas culture. It is shown that, during normal growth, the Nitrosomonas culture spends approximately 65% of the energy generated for maintenance. The maintenance coefficient was determined to be 0.14 - 0.16 mgN mgCOD(biomass)(-1) h(-1), and was shown to be independent of the specific growth rate. The in situ lysis rate and the maximum specific growth rate of the Nitrosomonas culture were determined to be 0.26 and 1.0 day(-1) (0.043 h(-1)), respectively, under aerobic conditions at 30 degrees C and pH7. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genetic parameters and predicted response to selection for lean growth in an Australian commercial nucleus pig herd

Genetic parameters for performance traits in a pig population were estimated using a multi-trait derivative-free REML algorithm. The 2590 total data included 922 restrictively fed male and 1668 ad libitum fed female records. Estimates of heritability (standard error in parentheses) were 0.25 (0.03), 0.15 (0.03), and 0.30 (0.05) for lifetime daily gain, test daily gain, and P2-fat depth in males, respectively; and 0.27 (0.04) and 0.38 (0.05) for average daily gain and P2-fat depth in females, respectively. The genetic correlation between P2-fat depth and test daily gain in males was -0.17 (0.06) and between P2-fat and lifetime average daily gain in females 0.44 (0.09). Genetic correlations between sexes were 0.71 (0.11) for average daily gain and -0.30 (0.10) for P2-fat depth. Genetic response per standard deviation of selection on an index combining all traits was predicted at $AU120 per sow per year. Responses in daily gain and backfat were expected to be higher when using only male selection than when using only female selection. Selection for growth rate in males will improve growth rate and carcass leanness simultaneously.

Growth rates of Rhizocarpon geographicum lichens:A review with new data from Iceland

This paper reviews evidence from previous growth-rate studies on lichens of the yellow-green species of Subgenus Rhizocarpon - the family most commonly used in lichenometric dating. New data are presented from Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon thalli growing on a moraine in southern Iceland over a period of 4.33yr. Measurements of 38 lichen thalli, between 2001 and 2005, show that diametral growth rate (DGR, mmyr-1) is a function of thallus size. Growth rates increase rapidly in small thalli (<10 mm diameter), remain high (ca. 0.8 mm yr-1) and then decrease gradually in larger thalli (>50 mm diameter). Mean DGR in southern Iceland, between 2001 and 2005, was 0.64 mm yr-1 (SD = 0.24). The resultant growth-rate curve is parabolic and is best described by a third-order polynomial function. The striking similarity between these findings in Iceland and those of Armstrong (1983) in Wales implies that the shape of the growth-rate curve may be characteristic of Rhizocarpon geographicum lichens. The difference between the absolute growth rate in southern Iceland and Wales (ca. 66% faster) is probably a function of climate and micro-environment between the two sites. These findings have implications for previous lichenometric-dating studies, namely, that those studies which assume constant lichen growth rates over many decades are probably unreliable. © British Geological Survey/ Natural Environment Research Council copyright 2006.

Seasonal growth of the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. in South Gwynedd, Wales

Seasonal growth was studied in the slow-growing crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. in an area of South Gwynedd, Wales. Radial growth rate (RGR) of a sample of 20 thalli was measured in situ at three-month intervals over 51 months on a southeast-facing rock surface. There were five periods of significant growth: July-September of 1993, 1994 and 1995, in January-March of 1996, and in April-June of 1997. In four of these periods, growth coincided with a mean temperature maximum (Tmax) over a three-month period exceeding 15°C and three of the maxima with greater than 450 sunshine hours. Two of the growth maxima coincided with periods of total rainfall exceeding 300 mm and one with greater than 50 rain days in a three-month period. There were no significant linear correlations between RGR and the climatic variables measured. However, there were significant non-linear relationships between RGR and Tmax, the mean temperature minimum (Tmin), the total number of air and ground frosts and the number of rain days in a growth period, the relationship with Tmax being the most significant. Hence, in south Gwynedd, maximum growth of R. geographicum occurs in any season although the period July-September appears to be the most favourable. Relationships between growth and climatic variables were non-linear, temperature having the most significant influence on seasonal growth. ©2006 Balaban.

Growth curves of four crustose lichens

The growth curves of four common species of crustose lichens, viz., Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr., Lecidea tumida Massai., Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC., and Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. were studied at a site in south Gwynedd, north Wales, UK. Radial growth rates (RGR, mm 1.5 yr-1) were greatest in thalli of R. reductum and least in R. geographicum. Variation in RGR between thalli was greater in B. aethalea and L. tumida than in the species of Rhizocarpon. The relationship between growth rate and thallus diameter was not asymptotic; RGR increasing in smaller thalli to a maximum and then declining in larger diameter thalli. A polynomial curve was fitted to the data; the growth curves being fitted best by a second-order (quadratic) curve, the best fit to this model being shown by B. aethalea. A significant linear regression with a negative slope was also fitted to the growth of the larger thalli of each species. The data suggest that the growth curves of the four crustose lichens differ significantly from the asymptotic curves of foliose lichen species. A phase of declining RGR in larger thalli appears to be characteristic of crustose lichens and is consistent with data from lichenometric studies.

Lobe growth in foliose lichen thalli

The margins of foliose lichen thalli comprise individual lobes which grow radially and divide. This results in a complex marginal structure in which lobes differing in morphology, state of division, and growth pattern are crowded together. Various aspects of the biology of these lobes are reviewed including their carbohydrate supply, morphology, pattern of division and branching, the effect of lobe overcrowding and interactions between neighbouring lobes. As the thalus grows, lobes become increasingly crowded together and this restricts further lateral growth. Restriction of lobe width may be reponsible for the changes in radial growth rate (RGR) with size observed in foliose species. Various aspects of lobe biology may be responsible for lobe growth variation including the physical independence of lobes from their neighbours, the genetic origin of the lobes, and the pattern of lobe branching. Overall symmetry of a thallus is maintained by a fluctuating pattern of growth of individual lobes in successive months together with competition for space at the margin

A comparison of the growth curves of the foliose lichen Parmelia conspersa determined by a cross-sectional study and by direct measurement

Changes in the radial growth rate (RGR mm/yr) through life were studied in thalli of the foliose lichen Parmelia conspersa by two methods: (1) a cross-sectional study (Study A) in which the RGR was measured in 60 thalli from 0.2 to 13 cm in diameter, and (2) by radial growth measurements over 4.5 years of fragments, consisting of a single major lobe, which were removed from large thalli and glued to pieces of slate (Study B). Both studies suggested there was a phase of increasing RGR in small thalli followed by a more constant phase, the latter beginning at approximately a thallus radius of 6-8 mm. However, in Study B significantly increased RGR was observed during the second 6-month growth period. This phase of growth was more likely to be due to an increase in lobe width than to an effect of climate. In addition, a lobe in a large thallus with both adjacent lobes removed significantly increased in width over 1 year compared with control lobes. These results suggest that (1) mean lobe width in a thallus may be determined by the intensity of marginal competition between adjacent lobes, and (2) changes in lobe width during the life of a lichen thallus may be a factor determining the establishment of the linear phase of growth in foliose lichens. © 1992.

Growth curve of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum

Data on the growth curve of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum were obtained by measuring the radial growth rates (mm per 1.5 years) of 39 thalli from 2 to 65 mm in diameter growing in the same environment. An Aplin and Hill plot (r2 – r1 against ln r2 – ln r1) of the data and regression analyses suggested an initial phase of growth (up to a diameter of about 7 mm) in which the relative growth rate increased rapidly. This was followed by a phase in which the relative growth rate fell but the radial growth rate continued to rise (7 to 20 mm in diameter). Radial growth was then relatively constant until about 45 mm diameter and then declined. The Aplin and Hill model did not fit the data as a whole but may apply for a transient period in thalli between about 7 and 16 mm in diameter. The curve shows some similarities to that suggested by lichenometric studies but differs in showing a less steep decline in growth rate after the ‘great’ period.

The response of lichen growth to additions of distilled water, rainwater and water from a rock surface

Three lichen species were wetted in the field with distilled water, rainwater or water which had run off a rock surafce, during July 1974 to February 1975. The radial growth rate of Parmelia glabratula ssp. fuliginosa was not influenced by the wetting treatments. The radial growth rate of P. conspersa with the distilled water was greater than the control, rainwater and runoff treatments. The radial growth rate of Physcia orbicularis was lower with rainwater and runoff treatmentss than the control and distilled water treatment. These results may be explained by the effect of wetting on the carbon balance of the lichens and by the influence of water chemistry.

The reponse of lichen growth to transplantation to rock surfaces of different aspect

Thalli of four saxicolous lichens on slate rock fragments were transplanted from rock surafces to horizontal boards and then to south-east-facing and north-west-facing rock surfaces. The radial growth rate of Physcia orbicularis and Parmelia conspersa thalli declined after transplatation to north-west-facing rock surfaces and was unchanged after transplantation to south-east-facing rock surfaces cmpared with growth rates on the boards. The radial growth rate of P. glabratula ssp. fuliginosa thalli declined after transplantation to south-east-facing rock surfaces and was unchanged after transplantation to north-west-facing rock surfaces compared with grwoth rate on the boards. The radial growth rate of P. saxatilis thalli was similar on the horizontal boards, south-east-facing and north-west-facing rock surfaces. These results are dsicussed in relation to the aspect distribution of the four lichens in South Gwynedd, Wales.

The influence of the frequency of wetting and drying on the radial growth of three saxicolous lichens in the field

Three lichen species were wetted with distilled water at different frequencies during August 1973 to July 1974. The radial growth rates of Parmelia glabratula ssp. fuliginosa and Physcia orbicularis thalli declined with increased wetting while the radial growth rate of Parmelia conspersa thalli increased with wetting frequency until ten experimental wettings per month but at fifteen wettings per month fell to a value near to the control. In the summer months, wetting resulted in a decline in the radial growth of P. glabratula ssp fuliginosa compared with the control but had little influence on the growth of P. conspersa and Physcia orbicularis. In the winter months, wetting had no significant influence on the radial growth of Parmelia glabratula ssp. fuliginosa, while the radial growth of P. conspersa increased and Physcia orbicularis declined compared with controls. These results are interpreted physiologically and in relation to the aspect distribution of the three lichens on rock surfaces.