The Influence of Grain Size and Temperature on the mechanical Deformation of Nanocrystalline Materials: Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Nanocrystalline (nc) materials are characterized by a typical grain size of 1-100nm. The uniaxial tensile deformation of computer-generated nc samples, with several average grain sizes ranging from 5.38 to 1.79nm, is simulated by using molecular dynamics with the Finnis-Sinclair potential. The influence of grain size and temperature on the mechanical deformation is studied in this paper. The simulated nc samples show a reverse Hall-Petch effect. Grain boundary sliding and motion, as well as grain rotation are mainly responsible for the plastic deformation. At low temperatures, partial dislocation activities play a minor role during the deformation. This role begins to occur at the strain of 5%, and is progressively remarkable with increasing average grain size. However, at elevated temperatures no dislocation activity is detected, and the diffusion of grain boundaries may come into play.

Producción de biomasa y concentración de nutrientes en el pasto cubano (Pennisetum purpureum x P. tiphoides) CV CT - 115. Finca la Tigra, Cárdenas, Rivas, Nicaragua

Con el propósito de determinar la producción de la biomasa forrajera y la concentración de nutrientes del pasto cubano CT - 115, se realizó un estudio en la Finca la Tigra, Cárdenas, Rivas, para ello se utilizó un área de 48 m2, subdividida en tres parcelas de 16 m2, donde se realizaron cortes a los 15, 30, 45, 60 y 75 días. Se evaluaron las variables altura de la planta, producción de biomasa fresca y seca por hectárea, en cada muestreo se tomaron muestras de plantas de 1,000 g, las que fueron remitidas al laboratorio de suelo y planta de la UNA, donde se hicieron las determinaciones de contenido de materia seca, % de nitrógeno, % fósforo, % potasio, % calcio, % magnesio, hierro (ppm), manganeso (ppm) y zinc (ppm). Se realizarón análisis de correlación usando el programa SAS (Sistema de Análisis Estadístico) versión 9. para los elementos de la composición nutritiva de la planta y las variables rendimiento de biomasa y altura, a través del programa CVEXPT (Experto de Curvas) versión 1.4, se determinaron las curvas de mejor ajustes para dichas relaciones. Encontrándose que a medida que aumentaba la edad de corte, la producción de biomasa fresca y seca así como la altura tendían a incrementar, inversamente a ello los niveles de nutrientes en las plantas, las ecuaciones de mejor ajustes para la producción de biomasa fresca, seca y altura fueron el Lineal, Logístico y Rotacional, con r2 de 94, 98 y 99% respectivamente, para el caso de los nutrientes las ecuaciones de mejor ajuste fueron: los modelos de función Rotacional, Logístico, Polinomial y Harris también con r2 de 92 a 99%, evidenciándose con esto que las tendencias de los incrementos de la biomasa seca, altura, y la concentración de nutrientes no presentan comportamiento lineal. Únicamente para el caso de la biomasa fresca se presentó una tendencia lineal.

Productividad y concentración de nutrientes del Taiwán Cubano (Pennisetum purpureum X Pennisetum tiphoides), CT 115, en época lluviosa, 2010 en la Fincas Santa Rosa

Con el objetivo de evaluar la Productividad y concentración de nutrientes del pasto cubano (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum typhoides) cv CT – 115, se llevó a cabo la presente investigación en la finca Santa Rosa propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) Managua, Nicaragua. Localizada geográficamente a los 12° 08´ 33"de latitud norte y, 86° 10´ 31" de longitud oeste (INETER, 2006). Para ello se utilizó un área total de 33 m2 la cual se subdividió en tres parcelas de 10 m2 cada una donde se realizaron cortes cada 15 días hasta llegar a los 75 días. Se evaluaron las variables : altura, (cm) biomasa fresca (kg ha-1), Materia Seca (%), Biomasa seca (kg ha-1), Nitrógeno (%), Fósforo (%), Potasio (%),Calcio (%), Magnesio (%), Hierro (ppm), Manganeso (ppm), Zinc (ppm). Para la determinación de la producción de biomasa verde y seca (kg ha-1), se utilizó la metodología propuesta por la Red Internacional de evaluación de Pasturas Tropicales (CIAT, 1982). Para determinar los parámetros MS (%) se utilizó la metodología del análisis de Weende o análisis proximal (AOAC. 1990). Para el análisis de correlación se utilizo el programa SAS VERSION 9 para cada uno de las variables evaluadas, para la determinación de las curvas de mejor ajuste se utilizó el programa CVXP32. Durante el ensayo no se aplico ningún tipo de tratamiento agronómico (fertilización, riego). Los resultados obtenidos fueron: Altura 220 cm Biomasa fresca 31,764 kg ha-1 Materia seca 24% Biomasa seca 7529 kg ha-1. Las mayores concentraciones de nutrientes en la planta fueron: N 3.21% P 0.38% K 4.94% Ca 0.24% Mg 0.18% Fe 105.0ppm Mn 53.33ppm Zn 50ppm. Los modelos de mejor ajuste son: Modelo Múltiple Multiplicativo, Modelo Richards, Modelo Harris, Función Rotacional, Tercer Grado Polinomial y Asociación Exponencial.

A Study on the Microstructure Characteristic of the Cold-Rolled Deformed Nanocrystalline Nickel

In this paper the microstructure characteristic of the cold-rolled deformed nanocrystalline Nickel metal has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that there were step structures near by grain boundary (GB), and the contrast of stress field in front of the step corresponds to the step in the shape. It indicates that the interaction between twins and dislocations is not a necessary condition to realizing the deformation. In the later stage of the deformation when the grain size became about 100 nm, the deformation occurs only depend upon the moving of the boundary of the stack faults (SFs) which result from the imperfection dislocations emitted from GBs. In the other word, the movement of the boundary dislocations of SFs results to growing-up of the size of the SFs, therefore realizes deformation. However, when the size of stack faults grows up, the local internal stress which is in front of the step gradually becomes higher. When this stress reach a critical value stopping the gliding of the partial dislocations, the SFs will stop growing up and leave a step structure behind.

Deformation Twinning Mechanisms in Nanocrystalline Ni

Extensive transmission electron microscopy examinations confirm that twinning does occur upon large plastic deformation in nanocrystalline Ni, for which no sign of deformation twinning was found in previous tensile tests. Compelling evidence has been obtained for several twinning mechanisms that operate in nanocrystalline grains, with the grain boundary emission of partial dislocations determined as the most proficient. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Nonuniformity Effect of Surface-Nanocrystalline Materials in Nanoindentation Test

In the present research, microstructures of the surface-nanocrystalline Al alloy material are observed and measured based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique, and the corresponding mechanical behaviors are investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental research, the nanoindentation test method is used, and the load and microhardness curves are measured, which strongly depend on the grain size and grain size nonuniformity. Two kinds of the nanoindentation test methods are adopted: the randomly selected loading point method and the continuous stiffness method. In the theoretical modeling, based on the microstructure characteristics of the surface-nanocrystalline Al alloy material, a dislocation pile-up model considering the grain size effect and based on the Mott theory is presented and used. The hardness-indent depth curves are predicted and modeled.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Microstructure of Nanocrystalline Copper

The microstructure of computer generated nanocrystalline coppers is simulated by using molecular dynamics with the Finnis-Sinclair potential, analysed by means of radial distribution functions, coordination number, atomic energy and local crystalline order. The influence of the grain size on the nanocrystalline structure is studied. The results reveal that as the grain size is reduced, the grain boundary shows no significant structural difference, but the grain interior becomes more disordered, and their structural difference diminishes gradually; however, the density and the atomic average energy of the grain boundary present different tendencies from those of the grain interior.

Step Structure in Cold-Rolled Deformed Nanocrystalline Nickel

The microstructure characteristic of the cold-rolled deformed nanocrystalline nickel metal is studied by transmission electron microscopy. The results show that there are step structures nearby the grain boundary (GB), and the contrast of stress field in front of the step corresponds to the step in the shape. It is indicated that the interaction between twins and dislocations is not a necessary condition to realizing the deformation. In the later stage of the deformation when the grain size becomes about 100nm, the deformation can depend upon the moving of the boundary of the stack faults (SFs) which result from the partial dislocations emitted from GBs. However, when the size of SFs grows up, the local internal stress which is in front of the step gradually becomes higher. When this stress reaches a critical value which stops the gliding of the partial dislocations, the SFs will stop to grow up and leave a step structure behind.

Nd65Al10Fe25-xCox (x=0,5,10) bulk metallic glasses with wide supercooled liquid regions

Bulk metallic glasses of Nd65Al10Fe25-xCox (x=0,5,10) have been prepared in the form of 3 mm diam rods. Results of differential scanning calrimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and x-ray diffraction are presented for these alloys. It is shown that the glass transition and crystallization have been observed by DMTA. The reduced glass transition temperature of these glasses, defined as the ratio between the glass transition temperature T-g and the melting temperature T-l is in the range from 0.55 to 0.62. All these glasses have a large supercooled liquid region (SLR), ranging from 80 to 130 K. The high value of reduced glass transition temperature and wide SLR agree with their good glass formation ability.

Parentesco, prestigio y poder en la alta edad media : la antroponimia aristocrática en el Reino de León (siglos X y XI)

Resumen: El presente trabajo analiza la antroponimia de la aristocracia leonesa en los siglos X y XI, a fi n de contribuir a la comprensión de las estructuras de parentesco de los grupos aristocráticos, las manifestaciones de la memoria familiar y el papel del parentesco en la construcción del poder y el prestigio social. Se plantea que la aristocracia desarrolló una antroponimia específi ca basada en la reiteración de determinados nombres propios a lo largo de las generaciones, que constituyó un importante elemento de identifi cación de la parentela y que expresó en el plano simbólico la organización de los grupos de parentesco en función de la transmisión del poder y la afi rmación del prestigio familiar.

条形药包泥面爆炸爆坑发展过程的X光摄影研究

用Ｘ光摄影技术研究了导爆索在泥面爆炸时爆坑的发展过程，得到的各瞬时爆坑轮廓线可用椭圆方程描述，瞬时最大爆坑深度约为７０～８０倍药芯半径，瞬时最大爆坑宽度约为２００倍药芯半径，爆坑深度随时间成对数关系增长，未见临空面对其有明显影响，临空面对爆坑的影响出现在爆坑宽度为６０～８０倍药芯半径之后，爆坑有回缩现象。

X-Ray Observation on Flow and Failure of Saturated

介绍脉冲X光机和医用X光机的特性,应用这两种设备进行一系列饱和砂土的冲击加载实验。利用医用X光机拍摄到了饱和砂土在冲击载荷作用下产生的横断裂缝、纵向排水通道以及密实沉降的照片,得到了横断裂缝和纵向排水通道的出现规律,从而为研究饱和砂土冲击液化后结构破坏与密实沉降的机理提供了一种实验观测手段。

Phase Evolution and its Effect on Magnetic Properties of Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 Bulk Metallic Glass

The thermal stability of nanocrystalline clusters, the phase evolution, and their effects on magnetic Propertieswere studied for as-cast Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 alloy using differential scanning calorimetry curves, x-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transition electron microscopy. Thermomagnetic curves and hysteresis loops of the bulk metallic glass were measured during the annealing process. The high thermostability of the hardmagnetic properties of the samples observed is attributed to the stability of the nanocrystalline clusters upon annealing, while the slight enhancement in the magnetization is due to the precipitation of some Nd-rich metastable phases. The mechanism of thermostability of the nanocrystalline clusters and the formation of the metastable phases are discussed.

Sapientia, 1955, Vol. X, nº 37 (número completo)

Contenido: Trascendencia social de la verdad / La Dirección – Método, sentido y alcance de la investigación metafísica en Heidegger y Sto. Tomás (II) / Octavio N. Derisi – Las nociones de substancia y de causa según el realismo tradicional / R. Garrigou-Lagrange – El ocaso de la educación nueva / Jorge H. Moreno – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía