Effects of turbulent reynolds number on the performance of algebraic flame surface density models for large eddy simulation in the thin reaction zones regime: A direct numerical simulation analysis

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of freely propagating statistically planar turbulent premixed flames with a range of different turbulent Reynolds numbers has been used to assess the performance of algebraic flame surface density (FSD) models based on a fractal representation of the flame wrinkling factor. The turbulent Reynolds number Ret has been varied by modifying the Karlovitz number Ka and the Damköhler number Da independently of each other in such a way that the flames remain within the thin reaction zones regime. It has been found that the turbulent Reynolds number and the Karlovitz number both have a significant influence on the fractal dimension, which is found to increase with increasing Ret and Ka before reaching an asymptotic value for large values of Ret and Ka. A parameterisation of the fractal dimension is presented in which the effects of the Reynolds and the Karlovitz numbers are explicitly taken into account. By contrast, the inner cut-off scale normalised by the Zel'dovich flame thickness ηi/δz does not exhibit any significant dependence on Ret for the cases considered here. The performance of several algebraic FSD models has been assessed based on various criteria. Most of the algebraic models show a deterioration in performance with increasing the LES filter width. © 2012 Mohit Katragadda et al.

Direct simulation of turbulent entrainment due to a plume impinging on a density interface

The law for turbulent entrainment due to plumes and jets impinging on a density interface is subject to significant uncertainty, with reported differences in entrainment rates up to a factor of 10. We report preliminary results obtained by Direct Numerical Simulation which are part of a PRACE project on turbulent entrainment carried out on JUGENE at Jülich, Germany. Various interface tracking methods are discussed and the entrainment coefficient is determined.

Density stratified environments: The double-tank method

We present an alternative method of producing density stratifications in the laboratory based on the 'double-tank' method proposed by Oster (Sci Am 213:70-76, 1965). We refer to Oster's method as the 'forced-drain' approach, as the volume flow rates between connecting tanks are controlled by mechanical pumps. We first determine the range of density profiles that may be established with the forced-drain approach other than the linear stratification predicted by Oster. The dimensionless density stratification is expressed analytically as a function of three ratios: the volume flow rate ratio n, the ratio of the initial liquid volumes λ and the ratio of the initial densities ψ. We then propose a method which does not require pumps to control the volume flow rates but instead allows the connecting tanks to drain freely under gravity. This is referred to as the 'free-drain' approach. We derive an expression for the density stratification produced and compare our predictions with saline stratifications established in the laboratory using the 'free-drain' extension of Oster's method. To assist in the practical application of our results we plot the region of parameter space that yield concave/convex or linear density profiles for both forced-drain and free-drain approaches. The free-drain approach allows the experimentalist to produce a broad range of density profiles by varying the initial liquid depths, cross-sectional and drain opening areas of the tanks. One advantage over the original Oster approach is that density profiles with an inflexion point can now be established. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.

Enzyme-free glucose biosensor based on low density CNT forest grown directly on a Si/SiO2 substrate

A highly sensitive nonenzymatic amperometric glucose sensor was fabricated by using Ni nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed within and on the top of a vertically aligned CNT forest (CNT/Ni nanocomposite sensor), which was directly grown on a Si/SiO2 substrate. The surface morphology and elemental analysis were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the catalytic activities of CNT/Ni electrode. The CNT/Ni nanocomposite sensor exhibited a great enhancement of anodic peak current after adding 5 mM glucose in alkaline solution. The sensor can also be applied to the quantification of glucose content with a linear range covering from 5 μM to 7 mM, a high sensitivity of 1433 μA mM-1 cm-2, and a low detection limit of 2 μM. The CNT/Ni nanocomposite sensor exhibits good reproducibility and long-term stability, moreover, it was also relatively insensitive to commonly interfering species, such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, sucrose and d-fructose. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Transducer and base compliance alter the in situ 6 dof force measured from muscle during an isometric contraction in a multi-joint limb.

Although musculoskeletal models are commonly used, validating the muscle actions predicted by such models is often difficult. In situ isometric measurements are a possible solution. The base of the skeleton is immobilized and the endpoint of the limb is rigidly attached to a 6-axis force transducer. Individual muscles are stimulated and the resulting forces and moments recorded. Such analyses generally assume idealized conditions. In this study we have developed an analysis taking into account the compliances due to imperfect fixation of the skeleton, imperfect attachment of the force transducer, and extra degrees of freedom (dof) in the joints that sometimes become necessary in fixed end contractions. We use simulations of the rat hindlimb to illustrate the consequences of such compliances. We show that when the limb is overconstrained, i.e., when there are fewer dof within the limb than are restrained by the skeletal fixation, the compliances of the skeletal fixation and of the transducer attachment can significantly affect measured forces and moments. When the limb dofs and restrained dofs are matched, however, the measured forces and moments are independent of these compliances. We also show that this framework can be used to model limb dofs, so that rather than simply omitting dofs in which a limb does not move (e.g., abduction at the knee), the limited motion of the limb in these dofs can be more realistically modeled as a very low compliance. Finally, we discuss the practical implications of these results to experimental measurements of muscle actions.

Is titin a 'winding filament'? A new twist on muscle contraction.

Recent studies have demonstrated a role for the elastic protein titin in active muscle, but the mechanisms by which titin plays this role remain to be elucidated. In active muscle, Ca(2+)-binding has been shown to increase titin stiffness, but the observed increase is too small to explain the increased stiffness of parallel elastic elements upon muscle activation. We propose a 'winding filament' mechanism for titin's role in active muscle. First, we hypothesize that Ca(2+)-dependent binding of titin's N2A region to thin filaments increases titin stiffness by preventing low-force straightening of proximal immunoglobulin domains that occurs during passive stretch. This mechanism explains the difference in length dependence of force between skeletal myofibrils and cardiac myocytes. Second, we hypothesize that cross-bridges serve not only as motors that pull thin filaments towards the M-line, but also as rotors that wind titin on the thin filaments, storing elastic potential energy in PEVK during force development and active stretch. Energy stored during force development can be recovered during active shortening. The winding filament hypothesis accounts for force enhancement during stretch and force depression during shortening, and provides testable predictions that will encourage new directions for research on mechanisms of muscle contraction.

High-density remote plasma sputtering of high-dielectric-constant amorphous hafnium oxide films

Hafnium oxide (HfOx) is a high dielectric constant (k) oxide which has been identified as being suitable for use as the gate dielectric in thin film transistors (TFTs). Amorphous materials are preferred for a gate dielectric, but it has been an ongoing challenge to produce amorphous HfOx while maintaining a high dielectric constant. A technique called high target utilization sputtering (HiTUS) is demonstrated to be capable of depositing high-k amorphous HfOx thin films at room temperature. The plasma is generated in a remote chamber, allowing higher rate deposition of films with minimal ion damage. Compared to a conventional sputtering system, the HiTUS technique allows finer control of the thin film microstructure. Using a conventional reactive rf magnetron sputtering technique, monoclinic nanocrystalline HfOx thin films have been deposited at a rate of ∼1.6nmmin-1 at room temperature, with a resistivity of 1013Ωcm, a breakdown strength of 3.5MVcm-1 and a dielectric constant of ∼18.2. By comparison, using the HiTUS process, amorphous HfOx (x=2.1) thin films which appear to have a cubic-like short-range order have been deposited at a high deposition rate of ∼25nmmin-1 with a high resistivity of 1014Ωcm, a breakdown strength of 3MVcm-1 and a high dielectric constant of ∼30. Two key conditions must be satisfied in the HiTUS system for high-k HfOx to be produced. Firstly, the correct oxygen flow rate is required for a given sputtering rate from the metallic target. Secondly, there must be an absence of energetic oxygen ion bombardment to maintain an amorphous microstructure and a high flux of medium energy species emitted from the metallic sputtering target to induce a cubic-like short range order. This HfOx is very attractive as a dielectric material for large-area electronic applications on flexible substrates. A remote plasma sputtering process (high target utilization sputtering, HiTUS) has been used to deposit amorphous hafnium oxide with a very high dielectric constant (∼30). X-ray diffraction shows that this material has a microstructure in which the atoms have a cubic-like short-range order, whereas radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering produced a monoclinic polycrystalline microstructure. This is correlated to the difference in the energetics of remote plasma and rf magnetron sputtering processes. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fishtail effects and improved critical current density in polycrystalline bulk MgB2 containing carbon nanotubes

Bulk, polycrystalline MgB2 samples containing 2.5 wt.% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared by conventional solid state reaction at 800 °C. The effect of Mg precursor powders composed of two different particle sizes on the critical current density (Jc) of the as-sintered samples has been investigated. An enhancement of Jc at high field has been observed in MgB2 samples containing CNTs prepared with fine Mg powders, whereas the values of Jc in the sample prepared using the coarser Mg powders was slightly decreased. These results contrast significantly with measurements on pure, undoped, MgB2 samples prepared from the same Mg precursor powders. They suggest that carbon substitution into the MgB2 lattice, which accounts for increased flux pinning, and therefore Jc, is more effective in precursor Mg powders with a larger surface area. Rather surprisingly, the so-called fishtail effect, observed typically in MgB2 single crystals and in the (RE)BCO family of high temperature superconductors (HTSs), was observed in both sets of CNT-containing polycrystalline samples as a result of lattice defects associated with C substitution. Significantly, analytical fits to the data for each sample suggest that the same flux pinning mechanism accounts for the fishtail effect in polycrystalline MgB2 and (RE)BCO. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spontaneous emission from radiative chiral nematic liquid crystals at the photonic band-gap edge: An investigation into the role of the density of photon states near resonance

In this article, we investigate the spontaneous emission properties of radiating molecules embedded in a chiral nematic liquid crystal, under the assumption that the electronic transition frequency is close to the photonic edge mode of the structure, i.e., at resonance. We take into account the transition broadening and the decay of electromagnetic field modes supported by the so-called "mirrorless"cavity. We employ the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian to describe the electron interaction with the electromagnetic field, focusing on the mode with the diffracting polarization in the chiral nematic layer. As known in these structures, the density of photon states, calculated via the Wigner method, has distinct peaks on either side of the photonic band gap, which manifests itself as a considerable modification of the emission spectrum. We demonstrate that, near resonance, there are notable differences between the behavior of the density of states and the spontaneous emission profile of these structures. In addition, we examine in some detail the case of the logarithmic peak exhibited in the density of states in two-dimensional photonic structures and obtain analytic relations for the Lamb shift and the broadening of the atomic transition in the emission spectrum. The dynamical behavior of the atom-field system is described by a system of two first-order differential equations, solved using the Green's-function method and the Fourier transform. The emission spectra are then calculated and compared with experimental data. © 2013 American Physical Society.