Vieraslajien torjunta Lounais-Suomessa : Hyvät käytännöt

Puutarhoista karanneet jättiputket, jättipalsami ja kurtturuusu ovat levinneet laajalti luontoon koko Suomessa. Nämä lajit ovat luonnon monimuotoisuutta ja elinympäristöjen viihtyisyyttä uhkaavia vieraslajeja. Jättiputket uhkaavat myös suoraan ihmisen terveyttä. Lounais-Suomessa aloitettiin näiden lajien järjestelmällinen kartoitus ja käytännön torjunta jo vuodesta 2008 alkaen. Aiemmista vieraslajihankkeista vuosina 2008-2010 on saatu merkittävästi tietoa jättiputkien, jättipalsamin ja kurtturuusun torjunnasta. Hankkeissa testattiin erilaisia torjuntamenetelmiä, kuten kasvien kitkentää, kaivamista juurineen, peittämistä pressuilla ja kemiallista käsittelyä. Hankkeissa seurattiin eri torjuntatapojen tehokkuutta ja laskettiin niiden kustannuksia. Myös torjuntatyön järjestämisen eri tapoja, kuten urakointi, torjuntatiimi ja talkoot, on seurattu ja niiden kustannuksia arvioitu. Tämä raportti esittää Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen toiminta-alueella saatuja kokemuksia ja paikallisesti hyväksi havaittuja toimia jättiputkien, jättipalsamin ja kurtturuusun leviämisen estämisessä, myös vieraslajien torjunnasta aiheutuneita kustannuksia. Toivomme, että raportti antaa eväitä vieraskasvilajien torjunnan suunnitteluun muilla alueilla ja auttaa arvioimaan toimintaan liittyviä kustannuksia. Raportti on osa Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa ja useamman organisaation yhteistyönä toteuttamaa Havina-hanketta (Haitallisten vieraslajien hallinta ja tietoisuuden lisääminen).

Open science, citizen science, crowd science – promises and challenges

Presentation at the Nordic Perspectives on Open Access and Open Science seminar, Helsinki, October 15, 2013

Building Next Generation Consortium Services – part 1: Background for Change

Kristiina Hormia-Poutasen esitys CBUC-konferenssissa Barcelonassa 12.4.2013.

Pienten yksiköiden talousveden laatuvaatimukset ja - suositukset

Talousvesi sisältää paljon erilaisia yhdisteitä, joista osa on ihmiselle haitallisia, tällaisia yhdisteitä ovat muun muassa klooratut hiilivedyt. Haitallisten yhdisteiden määrän minimoimiseksi talousvedessä talousveden vieraille aineille on määrätty asetuksissa enimmäispitoisuuksia sekä – tiheyksiä. Näitä laatuvaatimuksia sekä – suosituksia noudattamalla talousvesi on käyttökelpoista. Talousvedellä ei tällöin ole haitallisia terveysvaikutuksia eikä se vahingoita vesilinjastoja. Kirjallisuusosassa selvitetään pienten yksiköiden talousveteen liittyvän sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetuksen sisältöä. Mitä asetus pitää sisällään, keitä asetus koskee ja miksi asetukseen kirjatut yhdisteet ja aineet ovat ihmiselle haitallisia sekä mitä terveysvaikutuksia kyseisillä aineilla on. Kokeellisessa osiossa analysoitiin kolmesta näytteestä osa sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asettamista vaatimuksista. Pääsääntöisesti mitattiin epäorgaanisia aineita sekä ioneja. Mittaukset suoritettiin ionikromatografilla, liekki-atomiabsorptiospektrometrillä, TOC-analysaattorilla, COD-putkilla, pH-, johtokyky- sekä sameusmittarilla.

Uuteen organisaatioon rakennettavan kustannuslaskentajärjestelmän sertifioiminen valtionhallinnossa: Case Maanmittauslaitos

Työn lähtökohtana oli tieto siitä, että Valtiontalouden tarkastusvirasto (VTV) on lähtenyt tarjoamaan kustannuslaskentajärjestelmien sertifiointeja valtion virastoille ja laitoksille. Ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitä kustannuslaskentajärjestelmien sertifioiminen valtionhallinnossa tarkoittaa. Työn toisena tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten Maanmittauslaitoksen kustannuslaskenta muuttuu vuoden 2014 vaihteessa tapahtuvan organisaatiouudistuksen johdosta, ja miten ja milloin tämä uusi kustannuslaskentajärjestelmä voidaan sertifioida. Diplomityö toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena ja empiirinen aineisto kerättiin kvalitatiivisin menetelmin tekemällä organisaation sisäisiä ja ulkoisia haastatteluja. Maanmittauslaitoksen lisäksi haastateltavat osapuolet olivat VTV, Ernst & Young, sertifiointiprosessin lähes läpikäyneen Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitoksen entinen ja nykyinen talouspäällikkö, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö ja Valtiokonttori. Haastatteluiden lisäksi valtion virastoilta ja laitoksilta kysyttiin ovatko he kuulleet VTV:n tarjoamasta sertifiointipalvelusta ja ovatko he kiinnostuneita tästä kyseisestä palvelusta. Työn tuloksista käy ilmi, että VTV:n palvelu etenee samalla tavalla kuin mikä tahansa muu sertifiointiprosessi. VTV:n palvelu eroaa kuitenkin jonkin verran sertifioinnin perusrakenteesta, koska kustannuslaskentajärjestelmien tapauksessa ei ole laadittu yleisiä standardeja kustannuslaskennalle. Tämän vuoksi perusrakenteessa ei ole ollenkaan standardin omistajaa. Standardin omistajan paikalle sijoittuvat laki valtion talousarviosta ja asetus valtion talousarviosta. Maanmittauslaitoksen kustannuslaskenta muuttuu organisaatiouudistuksen myötä odotettua enemmän. Uuden organisaatiorakenteen vuoksi kustannuksia ei tarvitse vyöryttää toimintayksiköille, tulosyksiköille ja vastuualueille. Kustannukset vyörytetään jatkossa vain tuotteille ja projekteille. Maanmittauslaitoksen kannattaa sertifioida uusi kustannuslaskentajärjestelmänsä vuonna 2014, vaikka seuraavien vuosien aikana on tiedossa uusia muutoksia sekä organisaatioon, että tietojärjestelmiin. Ennen varsinaista tarkastusta Maanmittauslaitoksen kustannuslaskentajärjestelmä kuvattiin uudelleen.

Public and private sector cooperative opportunities in the Finnish healthcare internationalization : views from the public sector’s perspective

Traditionally mostly publicly provided Finnish healthcare services are confronted today by the evident challenge of rising healthcare costs as the expenditure on health and social case has exceeded Finland’s national GDP growth significantly since the new millennium. While the opening of the traditional barriers through the EU’s new patient directive resulting in increasing international competition and the free flow of patients within the EU present opportunities for the Finnish healthcare services industry there are also several challenges for the existing healthcare system as proposed by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy in 2011. Due to the structure and nature of the current Finnish healthcare service system the greatest potential for internationalization is seen from a joint cooperation of the public and private sectors in an internationalization network for Finnish healthcare services. As its formation has recently also taken as a strategic initiative to be completed by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy and no earlier research exists on how this is seen in practice by the network actors, the purpose of this study is to examine the proposed solution of forming an internationalization network between the public and private sector actors in Finland in practice from the viewpoint of public sector actors. The research relied heavily on the reports by the Finnish Ministries in understanding the current situation of the Finnish healthcare services internationalization and its potential. Suitable theories were also used to build a more comprehensive view of the matter. The study applied a qualitative research approach on the explorative research problem. The data collection was achieved through expert interviews in two of the largest Finnish public healthcare service providers; the Turku and Helsinki Central University Hospitals. Expert interviews were considered as the most suitable method for data collection in order to create an in-depth understanding of the topic within the limitations of this thesis. In turn, two different public healthcare service providers were chosen to give a broader view of the field instead of focusing on a specific unit and also to allow a possible comparison between the two different organizations. The latter however was shown not to be suitable for the purposes of this study as the opinions of the respondents varied largely also within their own organizations. The conclusion is that while the actors agree on the evident internationalization of Finnish healthcare services, there are several large-scale structural challenges effectively preventing such activities while at the same time the opportunities within Finland vary, as there are several niches but no real large-scale advantages in the highly competitive industry. Interest towards cooperation between the sectors are seen especially in exploiting the advantages offered by the private sector in commercialization and marketization, yet however no clear views exist on how these activities should be governed or structured in the short-term as a larger reform of the entire Finnish healthcare service sector is needed in the long-term.

International Partnering strategy for e-learning provider in emerging economies: Evidence from East Africa learning institutions

International partnership has received growing interest in the literature during the past decades due to globalization, increased technological approaches and rapid changes in competitive environments. The study specifically determines the support provided by international partners on promotion of e-learning in East Africa, assess the motives of partner selection criteria, the determinants of selecting partners, partner models and partner competence of e-learning provider. The study also evaluates obstacles of e-learning partnering strategy in East Africa learning institutions. The research adopts a descriptive survey design. Target population involved East Africa learning institutions with a list of potential institutions generated from the Ministry of Higher Education database. Through a targeted reduction of the initial database, consisting of all learning institutions, both public and private, the study created a target sample base of 200 learning institutions. Structured questionnaires scheduled were used to collect primary data. Study findings showed the approach way East African communities in selecting their e-learning partners depend on international reputation of partners, partner with ability to negotiate with foreign governments, partner with international and local experiences, nationality of foreign partner and partners with local market knowledge.

Dam safety guide

A new Dam Safety Act (494/2009) came into force on 1st October 2009 and a Government Decree on Dam Safety (319/2010) on 5th May 2010. This Dam Safety Guide replaces the Dam Safety Code of Practice (Publication of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 7/1997), removed from circulation on 1st October 2009. The Dam Safety Guide is not binding on the dam owner; the purpose is to complement and elucidate the relevant law and and decree through examples and descriptions. The Guide takes up questions concerning dam design, for instance hydrological dimensioning and technical safety requirements, dam construction and use, the dam break hazard analysis and the dam owner’s emergency action plan, maintenance, use, monitoring as well as the annual and periodic inspections. Dams are classified according to the hazard they pose into class 1, 2 or 3 dams. The classification is not needed, if, according to the dam safety authority, the dam poses no danger. The owner of a classified dam must prepare a monitoring programme, to be approved by decision of the dam safety authority. To establish the hazard caused by a dam, the owner of a class 1 dam must prepare an analysis of the dam hazard to humans and property as well as to the environment. The dam safety authority may also require a dam break hazard analysis for a dam other than class 1 dam if deemed necessary for classification. The owner of a class 1 dam must prepare a plan of measures in case of emergency or operational failure. The plan shall present the dam owner’s state of preparedness to act on their own initiative in the situations described above. In each case, the rescue authorities make a separate assessment for the need to prepare a plan as set out in the Rescue Act. The dam owner must provide the information specified in the Dam Safety Decree to be entered into the dam safety information system. The dam safety authority and the owner of the dam must keep up-to-date printouts in their own dam safety files from the information system for each dam as well as other important documents connected with dam safety to ensure that these are readily available in case of disturbance.

Fragmenta Membranea Project 2009 – 2012

Reports and Studies 1 / 2014

An overview of invasive plants in Brazil

Alien plants are known to occur in Brazil since the 18th century when African grasses started to be recorded in pastures near Rio de Janeiro. In the beginning of the 19th century two royal decrees (July, 1809 and July, 1810) offered grants and tax exemption to everyone who would introduce plants of economic value. Nowadays, there are 117 plant species recognized as invasive or established and with invasive potential in Brazil and an unknown number of introduced plant species. Some of the most pervasive invasive species are Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and Hedychium coronarium König in tropical ombrophilous forest, Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in subtropical ombrophilous forest and subtropical semi-deciduous forest, Pinus taeda L. and Pinus elliottii Engelm. in subtropical ombrophilous forest and steppe, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. in stepic-savanna, Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth in tropical and subtropical semi-deciduous forest, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. in the Brazilian savannas, and Eragrostis plana Nees in the steppe. The purpose of this article is to fill a knowledge gap on alien species that are invasive in Brazil and where they are invading by summarizing data obtained by joint efforts of the Hórus Institute for Environmental Conservation and Development, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) invasive species thematic network (I3N), and the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA) in the last six years.

High quality human immunoglobulin G purified from Cohn fractions by liquid chromatography

In order to obtain intravenous immunoglobulin G (iv IgG) of high quality from F-I+II+III or F-II+III pastes prepared by the Cohn method, we developed a chromatography process using ion exchange gels, Q-Sepharose FF and CM-Sepharose FF, and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. Viral inactivation was performed by incubating the preparation with pepsin at pH 4.0 at 35oC for 18 h. The characteristics of 28 batches produced by us were: yield 4.3 ± 0.2 g/l plasma, i.e., a recovery of 39.1 ± 1.8%; IgG subclasses distribution: IgG1 = 58.4%, IgG2 = 34.8%, IgG3 = 4.5% and IgG4 = 2.3%; IgG size distribution was 98.4% monomers, 1.2% dimers and 0.4% polymers and protein aggregates; anticomplement activity was less than 0.5 CH50/mg IgG, and prekallikrein activator activity (PKA) was less than 5 IU/ml. These characteristics satisfied the requirements of the European Pharmacopoea edition, and the regulations of the Brazilian Health Ministry (M.S. Portaria No. 2, 30/10/1998).

Targeted measures bring the greatest benefits for environmental protection in agriculture final report of the TEHO Plus project (2011–2014)

Targeted measures bring the greatest benefits for environmental protection in agriculture final report of the TEHO Plus project (2011–2014). Particular priority areas of the project activities included creating a training package for agri-environment advisers and testing it, farm-specific advisory services and exploitation of experiences of advice provision, putting together an information package of agri-environment issues, farm-level experiments, and development of water quality monitoring. The recommendations issued by advisers on targeting environmental measures were based on utilising geographical information material and nutrient balances. The project was implemented in cooperation by Southwest Finland Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, MTK-Satakunta and MTK-Varsinais-Suomi. The project received funding from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of the Environment. Participating farmers, with whom environmental advice was developed and experiments were carried out, were important partners for the project. The operating area of the project was Satakunta and Varsinais-Suomi in Southwest Finland, but its outcomes can be exploited nationally. A national perspective was ensured by close cooperation with actors in different provinces. This final report describes project experiences and outcomes including environmental advisory services, training of agri-environmental advisers, farm visits and the feedback received from farmers on agri-environmental advice, development of water quality monitoring, experiments and project work.

The modest but growing Brazilian presence in psychiatric, psychobiological and mental health research: assessment of the 1998-2002 period

The objective of the present survey was to assess the Brazilian scientific production in psychiatry, psychobiology, and mental health during the 1998-2002 period. The universities' graduate programs concentrate the vast majority of the scientific production in Brazil. We assessed the annual reports from the graduate programs to the Brazilian Ministry of Education concerning master's and doctoral theses and the articles published in journals indexed by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI). There are nine Master's and Doctoral graduate programs dedicated to research in psychiatry, neuropsychiatry, psychobiology, and mental health in the country, seven being located in southern states. During the 5-year period, from 1998 to 2002, 186 students received their doctorate degree (37/year). The programs published 637 articles in journals indexed by ISI, the majority of them in journals with an impact factor higher than 2. The research advisors' productivity varied among graduate programs, ranging from 0.6 to 2.0 articles per year in ISI-indexed journals. Despite the substantial barriers faced by the Brazilian scientific community (mainly financial and writing difficulties), Brazil's scientific mental health production is on the rise. The number of articles published in ISI-indexed journals has doubled without a significant increase in the number of graduate theses, suggesting that there was an improvement in both the quality of the scientific production and the productivity of the graduate programs. Based on these data, it is reasonable to predict a tendency to an increase in production over the next few years.