Salga de queijo tipo Minas por impregnação a vácuo

Estudou-se o uso da impregnação a vácuo (IV) para a salga de queijo tipo Minas, utilizando-se uma câmara hermética, na qual amostras de queijos (cilíndricos, com massa de 500g e dimensões de 120mm de raio por 60mm de altura) foram imersas em solução de salmoura com 22% em massa de NaCl. Os ensaios foram realizados após a etapa de enformagem e prensagem, para facilitar a reprodutibilidade estrutural dos queijos. Utilizou-se vácuo de 85,3kPa (Pabsoluta =16kPa), aplicado intermitentemente, intercalado com a recuperação da pressão atmosférica na câmara. Após períodos pré-estabelecidos, a câmara foi aberta e os queijos foram pesados e secionados, de modo a permitir a determinação da distribuição de sal no interior dos mesmos pelo método de Mohr. A salga por IV permitiu a obtenção de queijos com 1,6% em massa de sal em 15 minutos, contra 2,5 horas da salga convencional. Além disso, a distribuição de sal nos queijos salgados por IV foi mais homogênea do que nos queijos salgados por imersão em salmoura a pressão atmosférica. Esses resultados indicaram que a salga de queijos tipo Minas por IV pode ser uma boa alternativa de processamento, tanto do ponto de vista econômico como tecnológico.

Desenvolvimento de queijo minas frescal adicionado de Lactobacillus acidophilus produzido a partir de retentados de ultrafiltração

Este trabalho teve por objetivos: desenvolver um queijo probiótico tipo minas frescal a partir de retentados de ultrafiltração, estudar a sobrevivência da bactéria probiótica Lactobacillus acidophilus durante a vida de prateleira do produto e avaliar as alterações físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto. O queijo foi produzido a partir de retentados, obtidos a partir da ultrafiltração de leite integral até o fator de concentração volumétrico de 5:1. Os retentados pasteurizados foram inoculados com L. acidophilus, de forma a obter uma população inicial no queijo de 10(6), 10(7) e 10(8) UFC.g-1. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, para contagem das bactérias probióticas em intervalos de 7 dias durante sua estocagem, análises físico-químicas e análise sensorial, para verificar a existência de preferência. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completos com uma variável em três níveis e três repetições. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a concentração de inóculo não influenciou de forma significativa (p > 0,05) os valores de pH, índices de extensão e de profundidade de proteólise. Ao longo dos 28 dias de estocagem, o decréscimo da população de L. acidophilus não foi significativo (p > 0,05) para os três queijos avaliados. A análise sensorial mostrou a existência de diferença e preferência não significativas (p > 0,05) entre os queijos com diferentes populações de L. acidophilus. Concluiu-se que o queijo minas frescal produzido a partir de retentados de ultrafiltração apresenta grande potencial como alimento probiótico.

Estudo da vida útil de queijo Minas

Foi avaliado o prazo de vida útil do queijo Minas frescal armazenado a 4 °C por 30 dias, através de análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas. Três lotes (A, B e C) de uma mesma marca foram analisados nos dias 1, 10, 20 e 30 após a fabricação. Foram feitas as contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos, lipolíticos, proteolíticos, bactérias lácticas e mesófilas, que apresentaram um crescimento contínuo durante o período, atingindo contagens médias, respectivamente:, piscotróficos = 11,63; lipolíticos = 10,34; proteolíticos = 9,75 bactérias lácticas = 9,53; e mesófilos = 11,47 log UFC.g-1. A população de Escherichia coli desenvolveu-se em um dos lotes e Staphylococcus coagulase + e Salmonella não foram detectados. No mesmo período, observou-se a redução de 0,81 no valor do pH e o aumento do ácido láctico (0,026%). Não se observou redução na gordura (21,5%), embora a quantidade de ácidos graxos livres tenha aumentado em 0,22 mg KOH.g-1 de gordura. A proteína variou de 21,30 a 22,10% sem diferença significativa. O índice de extensão da proteólise aumentou 3% a cada 10 dias. Apenas em um dos lotes (C) no 30º dia o produto apresentou-se impróprio para o consumo com 1,7 x 10(4) NMP.g-1 de E. coli.

Queijo tipo minas frescal com derivados de soja: características físicas, químicas e sensoriais

Nove provadores selecionados e treinados avaliaram a aparência, aroma, sabor e textura de três formulações de queijo tipo minas frescal (tradicional, com extrato hidrossolúvel de soja em pó (PS-60) e coalho bovino e com PS-60 e coagulante microbiano). O queijo tradicional caracterizou-se pela aparência de umidade e de sabor coalhada. O queijo com PS-60 elaborado com coalho bovino apresentou cor creme e gosto amargo e a amostra com coagulante microbiano mostrou maior aroma soja. As caracterizações instrumentais das três formulações de queijo foram desenvolvidas através da análise do perfil de textura (TPA) utilizando um texturômetro TA-XT2i Stable Micro System e, para a análise de cor, utilizou-se um aplicativo computacional e escâner. Com relação à textura, o queijo minas frescal tradicional e o queijo produzido com PS-60 e coalho bovino caracterizaram-se mais duros; o queijo tradicional apresentou maiores valores nos parâmetros de fraturabilidade, coesividade e mastigabilidade e os queijos tradicional e aquele formulado com PS-60 e coagulante microbiano -apresentaram-se mais elásticos. Em relação à cor, o queijo tradicional apresentou cor branca amarelo-esverdeada mais intensa. A aceitação das amostras foi avaliada por cem provadores não treinados, utilizando-se escala hedônica estruturada de sete pontos. Os queijos formulados com PS-60 apresentaram 88% de aceitação.

Effect of trellising system on grape and wine composition of Syrah vines grown in the cerrado region of Minas Gerais

Based on the concept that the trellising system affects not only sunlight interception and carbon assimilation, but also the fruitzone microclimate, which has a great impact on fruit composition and consequently on wine quality, the effect of two trellising systems - Vertical Shoot Position (VSP) and modified Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) - on wine and berry composition of Syrah grapes grown in João Pinheiro, Northeast region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil was investigated. The parameters such as pH, berry size and weight, and seeds total phenolic contents were not affected by the training system. The GDC system produced fruits with the highest Brix and lowest titratable acidity. Berries from the VSP system presented lower anthocyanin concentration than those from the GDC system. Similar results were found for the total phenolic content of the skin of grape berries from the VSP system. GDC wines were characterized by high anthocyanin content and red color, resulting in wines with high color intensity. These data suggest that in the tropical region of Minas Gerais state, with high temperature and high sunlight intensity, the trellising system, which protects bunches against excessive radiation, should be chosen.

Molecular characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolated from minas soft cheese

Foodborne disease caused by microorganisms is a problem of public health. Minas soft cheese is a national product manufactured using simple technology; it has high level of acceptance in the country making its production an important economic activity. Many microorganisms may be present in foods including the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). Overall, E. coli is a harmless commensal bacterium; however, some strains may have a pathogenic potential. Several outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with consumption of contaminated cheese have been reported, and the presence of pathogenic strains of E. coli has increased. The objective of this study was to isolate, evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility, and characterize, by Multiplex PCR, the pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from Minas cheese commercialized in Rio de Janeiro. Thirty samples were analyzed and five strains of E. coli (EPEC) were identified. The assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility revealed 40% of the isolates resistant to ampicillin and 40% with intermediate resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam combination. These findings are a warning signal to health authorities since Minas cheese is a ready to eat food product, and therefore should not pose health risks to the population.

Enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Artisan Minas cheese from the Serra da Canastra - MG, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in the endogenous starter and in Artisan Minas cheeses from the Serra da Canastra. Sixteen samples of endogenous starters and cheese were collected during the rainy and dry seasons. The isolation and enumeration of S. aureus were performed using the PetrifilmTM-Rapid S. aureus Plate Count method. The presence of enterotoxin in the cheese samples was analyzed by the Optimal Sensitivity Plate (OSP) method and the ELFA-VIDAS®-Staph enterotoxin-II assay. S. aureus strains were tested for their ability to produce enterotoxins using the Optimal Sensitivity Plate (OSP) method and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the classical enterotoxin genes. The Optimal Sensitivity Plate (OSP) method data showed that staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) was detected in 75% of the cheese samples, but no toxin was detected with the ELFA-VIDAS method. It was found that 12.5% of the isolated strains produced staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC). When using the the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, only one isolate was found to harbor an enterotoxin gene, contrary our expectations. However, discrepancies between the immunological and molecular assays are not uncommon. Despite the fact that most isolates did not produce classical enterotoxins, high S. aureus counts in the cheese samples causes concern since there is a risk of the presence of non-classical enterotoxins.

Chemical evaluation and effect of bagging new peach varieties introduced in southern Minas Gerais - Brazil

Brazilian peach production is insufficient for domestic supply. Aiming to increase production in the state of Minas Gerais, 16 new peach tree varieties were introduced in the Serra da Mantiqueira region and their fruit were analyzed for sugar, total phenol and total carotenoid contents by colorimetric methods, and for organic acid content by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, we examined the effect of fruit bagging on the levels of such constituents. To do so, the fruit of half the trees of each variety were bagged. The levels of sugars, phenols, carotenoids and organic acids are genotypic characteristics and significantly differed among varieties. Despite being a good form of fruit protection, providing better aspect and reducing the need for pesticides, bagging leads to lower contents of components such as sugars, phenols and organic acids in most varieties. However, it cannot be stated that this practice interferes with sensory characteristics. Knowledge of the chemical constituents of these new varieties allows determining those ideal for fresh consumption (e.g., "Maciel", "Diamante", "T. Beauty", "Ouromel 2" and "C.1056", among others) and those more suitable for industrial processing (e.g., "A. Gold", "C.1122" and "C.1050"), as well as those which serve both purposes.

Assessing environmental impacts using a comparative LCA of industrial and artisanal production processes: "Minas Cheese" case

This study uses the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts caused by both the artisanal and the industrial manufacturing processes of "Minas cheese". This is a traditional cheese produced in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), and it is considered a "cultural patrimony" in the country. The high participation of artisanal producers in the market justifies this research, and this analysis can help the identification of opportunities to improve the environmental performance of several stages of the production system. The environmental impacts caused were also assessed and compared. The functional unit adopted was 1 kilogram (Kg) of cheese. The system boundaries considered were the production process, conservation of product (before sale), and transport to consumer market. The milk production process was considered similar in both cases, and therefore it was not included in the assessment. The data were collected through interviews with the producers, observation, and a literature review; they were ordered and processed using the SimaPro 7 LCA software. According to the impact categories analyzed, the artisanal production exerted lower environmental impacts. This can be justified mainly because the industrial process includes the pasteurization stage, which uses dry wood as an energy source and refrigeration.

Survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Minas frescal cheese

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 strains (isolated by cattle’s faeces and a reference strain, EDL933), were inoculated into pasteurized milk (102 and 103 cells.mL–1) to prepare the Minas frescal cheese. As control was used uninfected milk. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed to milk and elaborated cheese. The O157:H7 strains were quantified in the stages of cheese processing and during 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 15 storage days at 8 °C onto Sorbitol MacConkey Agar supplemented with potassium tellurite and cefixime (CT-SMAC). O157:H7 was not present in the pasteurised milk prior to the artificial inoculation. At the end of the processing the cheese had 10 to 100 times more STEC O157:H7 than the initial inoculum. During the storage, the Minas frescal cheese exhibited the largest population increase on the 4th and 5th day when inoculated with 102 and 103 cells.mL–1, respectively. Additionally, viable cells were found up to the 10th and 15th day, according to the amount of initial inoculum. This number of cells is able to cause infection in humans, and therefore, Minas frescal cheese, even when stored under refrigeration, is a potential vehicle of disease caused by STEC O157:H7.

Study of the physical and physicochemical characteristics of fruits of the licuri palm (Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc.) found in the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais, Brazil

AbstractThe Atlantic Forest has species of native fruits, consumed fresh and processed, which have an important contribution to food sovereignty of families that consume it. This study examined the physical and physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, concentration of carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E and minerals in the pulp and kernels of fruits of licuri (Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc.). Titratable acidity was analyzed by volumetric neutralization, soluble solids by refractometry, proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method, lipids by gravimetry using soxhlet, dietary fiber by non-enzymatic gravimetry, carotenoids and vitamin C by HPLC-DAD, vitamin E by HPLC-fluorescence, and minerals by ICP-AES. Pulp were a source of Zn (0.95 mg 100–1), a good source of fiber (6.15 g 100–1), excellent source of provitamin A (758.75 RAE 100–1), Cu (0.69 mg 100–1), Fe (3.81 mg 100–1), Mn (3.40 mg 100–1) and Mo (0.06 mg 100–1). The kernel were a source of Fe (3.36 mg 100–1) and excellent source of Mn (6.14 mg 100–1), Cu (0.97 mg 100–1) and Mo (0.07 mg 100–1). The nutritional value and wide availability of licuri fruit make it an important resource for reducing food insecurity and improving nutrition of the rural population and other individuals who have access to it.

Nefropatia por IgA: análise histológica e correlação clínico-morfológica em pacientes do Estado de Minas Gerais

INTRODUÇÃO: A Nefropatia por IgA (NIgA) é a glomerulopatia primária mais comum. OBJETIVO: Classificar a NIgA segundo a nova proposta de Classificação de Oxford. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas biópsias do Serviço de Nefropatologia da UFTM, no período de 1996 a 2010, com diagnóstico de NIgA. Foram avaliados gênero, idade, presença de hematúria, padrões/intensidade das lesões, deposições de IgA, IgG, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, C3, C1q e fibrinogênio. Histologicamente, as biópsias foram caracterizadas conforme a Classificação de Oxford, e realizou-se a correlação clínico-morfológica. RESULTADOS: Das 164 biópsias avaliadas, houve predomínio do gênero masculino (53,7%) e adulto (93,3%). Caracterizando os pacientes conforme a classificação de Oxford, obtivemos predominância M0 (85,3%), S1 (53,1%), E0 (65,2%) e T0 (70,1%). À correção clínico-morfológica, observamos maior proteinúria M1 em relação a M0 (p < 0,008), menor taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (p < 0,001) e maior frequência de hipertensão (p < 0,001) comparando-se T0,T1 e T2. À imunofluorescência, predominância de IgA (100% dos casos), com codeposição de C3 (99,37% dos casos), Kappa (96,25%), Lambda (91,25%) e IgM (76,92%). Foi observada correlação entre a intensidade de deposição de IgA com C3, Kappa e Lambda. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, a NIgA foi predominante em homens, mais comuns foram os padrões M0, S1, E0 e T0, com maior proteinúria e aumento da hipercelularidade mesangial, além de maior prevalência de hipertensão/pior função renal conforme a gravidade das repercussões túbulo-intersticiais.

Tuberculosis in renal transplant patients: The experience of a single center in Medellín-Colombia, 2005-2013

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common opportunistic infection in renal transplant patients. Objective: To obtain a clinical and laboratory description of transplant patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and their response to treatment during a period ranging from 2005 to 2013 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Results: In 641 renal transplants, tuberculosis was confirmed in 12 cases. Of these, 25% had a history of acute rejection, and 50% had creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl prior to infection. The disease typically presented as pulmonary (50%) and disseminated (33.3%). The first phase of treatment consisted of 3 months of HZRE (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol) in 75% of the cases and HZME (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and ethambutol) in 25% of the cases. During the second phase of the treatment, 75% of the cases received isoniazid and rifampicin, and 25% of the cases received isoniazid and ethambutol. The length of treatment varied between 6 and 18 months. In 41.7% of patients, hepatotoxicity was associated with the beginning of anti-tuberculosis therapy. During a year-long follow-up, renal function remained stable, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis in the renal transplant population studied caused diverse nonspecific symptoms. Pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis were the most frequent forms and required prolonged treatment. Antituberculosis medications had a high toxicity and mortality. This infection must be considered when patients present with a febrile syndrome of unknown origin, especially during the first year after renal transplant.

Building-up influence: post-war industrialization in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This paper examines the post-War industrialization process in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais, focusing on one of its desirable outcomes, namely the capacity to generate growth through the impact of strong input-output linkages. This process is placed into historical perspective considering the ideas that permeate the economic development debate throughout the period of analysis. Changes in the regional economic structure are assessed through the use of three input-output tables for the years of 1953, 1980 and 1995. By adopting the fields of influence methodology as the analytical core, it is shown that the efforts towards the creation of a more integrated regional economy have generated stronger influence of the targeted sectors (metal products, transportation equipment, chemical, and services). However, structural changes also contributed to strengthen leakage in the system originated in traditional economic activities.