In situ micropillar compression reveals superior strength and ductility but an absence of damage in lamellar bone

Ageing societies suffer from an increasing incidence of bone fractures. Bone strength depends on the amount of mineral measured by clinical densitometry, but also on the micromechanical properties of the hierarchical organization of bone. Here, we investigate the mechanical response under monotonic and cyclic compression of both single osteonal lamellae and macroscopic samples containing numerous osteons. Micropillar compression tests in a scanning electron microscope, microindentation and macroscopic compression tests were performed on dry ovine bone to identify the elastic modulus, yield stress, plastic deformation, damage accumulation and failure mechanisms. We found that isolated lamellae exhibit a plastic behaviour, with higher yield stress and ductility but no damage. In agreement with a proposed rheological model, these experiments illustrate a transition from a ductile mechanical behaviour of bone at the microscale to a quasi-brittle response driven by the growth of cracks along interfaces or in the vicinity of pores at the macroscale.

Risk of late effects of treatment in children newly diagnosed with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort

BACKGROUND Treatment of patients with paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has evolved such that the risk of late effects in survivors treated in accordance with contemporary protocols could be different from that noted in those treated decades ago. We aimed to estimate the risk of late effects in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with contemporary protocols. METHODS We used data from similarly treated members of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multicentre, North American study of 5-year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1986. We included cohort members if they were aged 1·0-9·9 years at the time of diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and had received treatment consistent with contemporary standard-risk protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. We calculated mortality rates and standardised mortality ratios, stratified by sex and survival time, after diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. We calculated standardised incidence ratios and absolute excess risk for subsequent neoplasms with age-specific, sex-specific, and calendar-year-specific rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program. Outcomes were compared with a sibling cohort and the general US population. FINDINGS We included 556 (13%) of 4329 cohort members treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Median follow-up of the survivors from 5 years after diagnosis was 18·4 years (range 0·0-33·0). 28 (5%) of 556 participants had died (standardised mortality ratio 3·5, 95% CI 2·3-5·0). 16 (57%) deaths were due to causes other than recurrence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Six (1%) survivors developed a subsequent malignant neoplasm (standardised incidence ratio 2·6, 95% CI 1·0-5·7). 107 participants (95% CI 81-193) in each group would need to be followed-up for 1 year to observe one extra chronic health disorder in the survivor group compared with the sibling group. 415 participants (376-939) in each group would need to be followed-up for 1 year to observe one extra severe, life-threatening, or fatal disorder in the group of survivors. Survivors did not differ from siblings in their educational attainment, rate of marriage, or independent living. INTERPRETATION The prevalence of adverse long-term outcomes in children treated for standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia according to contemporary protocols is low, but regular care from a knowledgeable primary-care practitioner is warranted. FUNDING National Cancer Institute, American Lebanese-Syrian Associated Charities, Swiss Cancer Research.

Influence of intervertebral disc fenestration at the herniation site in association with hemilaminectomy on recurrence in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar disc disease: a prospective MRI study

OBJECTIVE To describe the influence of fenestration at the disc herniation site on recurrence in thoracolumbar disc disease of chondrodystrophoid dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Chondrodystrophic dogs (n=19). METHODS Dogs were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (9 dogs) had thoracolumbar disc extrusion (Hansen type I) treated by hemilaminectomy and concomitant fenestration of the affected intervertebral disc and group 2 (10 dogs) had hemilaminectomy without fenestration. All dogs had 3 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations: preoperatively, immediately postoperatively to assess removal of herniated disc material, and again 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS There were 13 male and 6 female dogs; mean age, 7.1 years. Thoracolumbar disc herniation was confirmed with MRI. Immediate post surgical MRI revealed that the herniated disc removal was complete in all but 1 dog and that fenestration did not lead to complete removal of nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disc space. On the 3rd MRI examination, none of the group 1 dogs had further disc material herniation at the fenestrated site. Six of the 10 group 2 dogs had a recurrence of herniation leading to clinical signs in 3 dogs (pain in 2 dogs, paresis in 1 dog). CONCLUSION In thoracolumbar disc herniation, fenestration of the affected intervertebral disc space prevents further extrusion of disc material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fenestration reduces the risk of early recurrence of disc herniation and associated postoperative complications.

Use of contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence to detect brain lesions in dogs and cats.

BACKGROUND The diagnostic value of a contrast-enhanced T2-weighted FLAIR sequence (ceFLAIR) in brain imaging is unclear. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES That the number of brain lesions detected with ceFLAIR would be no greater than the sum of lesions detected with nFLAIR and ceT1W sequence. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-nine animals (108 dogs and 21 cats) undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head between July 2010 and October 2011 were included in the study. METHODS A transverse ceFLAIR was added to a standard brain MRI protocol. Presence and number of lesions were determined based on all available MRI sequences by 3 examiners in consensus and lesion visibility was evaluated for nFLAIR, ceFLAIR, and ceT1W sequences. RESULTS Eighty-three lesions (58 intra-axial and 25 extra-axial) were identified in 51 patients. Five lesions were detected with nFLAIR alone, 2 with ceT1W alone, and 1 with ceFLAIR alone. Significantly higher numbers of lesions were detected using ceFLAIR than nFLAIR (76 versus 67 lesions; P = 0.04), in particular for lesions also detected with ceT1W images (53 versus 40; P =.01). There was no significant difference between the number of lesions detected with combined nFLAIR and ceT1W sequences compared to those detected with ceFLAIR (82 versus 76; P =.25). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Use of ceFLAIR as a complementary sequence to nFLAIR and ceT1W sequences did not improve the detection of brain lesions and cannot be recommended as part of a routine brain MRI protocol in dogs and cats with suspected brain lesions.

Combining Enzalutamide with Abiraterone, Prednisone, and Androgen Deprivation Therapy in the STAMPEDE Trial.

There are compelling reasons to study the addition of both enzalutamide and abiraterone, in combination, to standard-of-care for hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Through a protocol amendment, this will be assessed in the STAMPEDE trial, with overall survival as primary outcome measure.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 54 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Jiri Veltruský (p. I 25, 242-321)

4 Briefe und 8 Beilagen zwischen Gerhard Tinter und Max Horkheimer, 1938; 1 Brief von Hans Tischler an Max Horkheimer, 08.12.1938; 4 Briefe zwischen Bernhard H. Titcomb und Max Horkheimer, 22.09.1935, 1935; 2 Briefe zwischen Paul Titus und Max Horkheimer, 07.06.1942, 09.06.1942; 1 Brief von Ferdinand Tönnies an Max Horkheimer, 17.10.1935; 1 Brief von Tonetti Juliette Favez, 21.11.1935; 1 Brief vom Treasury Department an Max Horkheimer, 11.02.1937; 1 Brief von Edith A. Trotter an Max Horkheimer, 13.02.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen The Twentieth Century Fund und Max Horkheimer, 22.12.1942, 02.01.1943; 4 Briefe zwischen Robert Ulich und F. Pollock, 1936, 10.04.1941, 1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an United States of America Commissioner for Immigration and Naturalisation, 01.11.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das United States of America Department of Agriculture, 15.01.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das United States of America Department of State, 07.10.1941; 1 Brief von Herbert Marcuse an das United States of America Department of State, 07.10.1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das Universität Frankfurt Kuratorium der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, 05.07.1935; 1 Briefkopie von Max Horkheimer an die Universität Frankfurt, Der Rektor, 28.07.1933; 1 Brief und 1 Beilage von der University of Buffalo an Max Horkheimer, 06.03.1940; 5 Briefe zwischen der University of California Berkeley und Max Horkheimer, 1940; 2 Briefe zwischen der University of Colorado Libraries und Max Horkheimer, 17.10.1940, 25.10.1940; 3 Briefe zwischen der University of Newark und Max Horkheimer, 1935, 08.04.1938, 1938; 6 Briefe zwischen Jiri Veltruský und Max Horkheimer, 1948-1949; 1 Brief von Leon Verhille an Max Horkheimer, 19.12.1949; 5 Briefe zwischen Salka Viertel und Max Horkheimer, 1938, 1940; 1 Heiratsanzeige von Edward Walter Violin, 1949; 1 Notiz von Max Horkheimer an Edward Walter Violin; 1 Brief von Stitschan Voehard an Max Horkheimer, 03.01.1950;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 651 - Beschwerdebrief wegen vorgeworfenen Fehlverhaltens und Selbstüberschätzung

u.a.: Goethe Zitat; Griechisch- und Lateinstudium; Lebensweisheiten der Mutter;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 695 - Mitteilung zu den familiären Vermögensangelegenheiten nach dem Tod des ehemaligen Verwalters der Ohraschen Güter bei Danzig, Carl Stadtmiller

u.a.: Angaben zu einem angeblichen Verwandten Eduard Schopenhauer sowie zu Johann Schopenhauer; Angst vor dem Ausbruch der Cholera in Bonn;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 364 - Streitigkeiten bei der Verlegung ihrer Bücher

u.a.: Buchhändler Johann David Sauerländer;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 390 - Testament

"Date obolum Belisario!Ich, der Endesunterschriebene Dr phil: Arthur Schopenhauer aus Danzig, der ich niemals verehlicht war u. auch in aufsteigender Linie keine Verwandte mehr habe, verordne, mittelst gegenwärtigen Testaments, wie es nach meinem dereinstigen Ableben mit meiner Nachlaßenschaft gehalten werden solle. Zu meinem Universal-Erben setze ich ein den in Berlin errichteten Fonds zur Unterstützung der in den Aufruhr- u. Empörungs-Kämpfen der Jahre 1848 & 1849 für Aufrechterhaltung u. Herstellung der gesetzlichen Ordnung in Deutschland invalide gewordenen Preußischen Soldaten, wie auch der Hinterbliebenen solcher, die in jenen Kämpfen gefallen sind. Herr Arthur Schopenhauer, Dr. phil. gewesener Privat Docent in der Universität Berlin, aus Danzig gebürtig, dahier auf Permission wohnhaft, hat den Inhalt dieses als seinen letzten Willen anerkannt, in Gegenwart der vorstehenden, zu dieser Testamentshandlung besonders erbetenen, vereint versammelten Herrn Zeugen, und meiner, des Notars, hierauf dieses sein Testament mit den Herrn zeugen eigenhändig unterschrieben und besiegelt. Dieses, sowie die eines Thuns, ohne störenden Zwischenakt, überhaupt durchaus nach gesetzlicher Vorschrift vollzogenen Testamentshandlung wird auf Ersuchen hiedurch beglaubigt. So geschehen zu Frankfurt a.M den sechs und zwanzigsten Juni achtzehn hundert zwey und fünfzig. Dr. Johann Valentin Boegner Notar der freien Stadt Frankfurt (L.S.) Nebst einer Beilage vom 4. Februar 1859 eröffnet und publicirt bei dem Stadtgericht II der freien Stadt Frankfurt den 21 September 1860 Dr. Leykauf Secr.";

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 828 - Antwort nach längerer Schreibpause

u.a. Aufenthalt Schopenhauers in Danzig;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 827 - Antwort nach längerer Schreibpause

u.a. Europareise; Schilderung Meyers eines Unfalls; reise Schopenhauers nach Danzig; Aktuelle Nachrichten aus Hamburg;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 33 - Mitteilung zum aktuellen Stand der geplanten Übersetzung von "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" in der Zeitschrift Revue Germanique

u.a.: Briefwechsel mit dem Redakteur Neffzer; Kritik an der bisherigen Übersetzungsleistung von Jules Lunteschütz; Schwierigkeiten bei der Übersetzung in die französische Sprache; Zusendung eines in der Zeitschrift Rivista Contemporanea erschienenen Artikels zur Philosophie Schopenhauers sowie den "Operette Morali" von Leopardi; Kritik an Johann Gottlieb Fichte; Aufsatz über Schopenhauers Jugendzeit in der Zeitschrift "Morgenblatt" (Nr. 22) von Ferdinand Freiherr von Biedenfeld; Kupferstich mit Portrait Schopenhauers von Angilbert Göbel; abgedruckte Photographie von Carl Friedrich Mylius in der "Illustrierten Zeitung"; Kritik an einem Aufsatz von Louis Büchner über "Mensch und Thier"; Neuauflage des Verlags Brockhaus "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung"; Stellung der Kirche in der Welt; Vergleich Schopenhauer mit einem "stahlgerüsteten Ritter"; Professor A. Maillard; Angilbert Göbel;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 170 - Mitteilung über die erfolgreiche Verhandlung einer Drucklegung von "Oraculo manual, y arte de prudencia" mit dem Buchhändler Friedrich Fleischer

u.a.: Druckbedingungen bei Brockhaus; Baltasar Gracián;