Are torque values of preadjusted brackets precise?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to verify the torque precision of metallic brackets with MBT prescription using the canine brackets as the representative sample of six commercial brands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty maxillary and 20 mandibular canine brackets of one of the following commercial brands were selected: 3M Unitek, Abzil, American Orthodontics, TP Orthodontics, Morelli and Ortho Organizers. The torque angle, established by reference points and lines, was measured by an operator using an optical microscope coupled to a computer. The values were compared to those established by the MBT prescription. RESULTS: The results showed that for the maxillary canine brackets, only the Morelli torque (-3.33º) presented statistically significant difference from the proposed values (-7º). For the mandibular canines, American Orthodontics (-6.34º) and Ortho Organizers (-6.25º) presented statistically significant differences from the standards (-6º). Comparing the brands, Morelli presented statistically significant differences in comparison with all the other brands for maxillary canine brackets. For the mandibular canine brackets, there was no statistically significant difference between the brands. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant variations in torque values of some of the brackets assessed, which would clinically compromise the buccolingual positioning of the tooth at the end of orthodontic treatment.

Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major nonpsychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa that has been shown to have an anxiolytic effect in human and animal models. Earlier studies suggest that these effects involve facilitation of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that has also been related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. On the basis of this evidence, this study investigated the effects of CBD in C57BL/6J mice submitted to the marble-burying test (MBT), an animal model proposed to reflect compulsive behaviour. CBD (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in the number of buried marbles compared with controls (34, 41 and 48%, respectively). A similar, although larger, decrease was also found after the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (10 mg/kg, 77% decrease) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (2.5 mg/kg, 84% decrease). The effect of CBD (30 mg/kg) was still significant after 7 days of daily repeated administration, whereas the effect of diazepam disappeared. Pretreatment with WAY100635 (3 mg/kg), a 5HT1A receptor antagonist, prevented the effects of paroxetine but failed to alter those of CBD. These latter effects, however, were prevented by pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1 mg/kg). These results indicated that CBD and paroxetine decrease the number of buried marbles in the MBT through distinct pharmacological mechanisms. They also suggest a potential role of drugs acting on the cannabinoid system in modulating compulsive behaviour. Behavioural Pharmacology 21: 353-358 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

The GABAergic system contributes to the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The essential oil (EO) from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf is reported to have a wide range of biological activities and is widely used in traditional medicine as an infusion or decoction. However, despite this widely use, there are few controlled studies confirming its biological activity in central nervous system. Materials and methods: The anxiolytic-like activity of the EO was investigated in light/dark box (LDB) and marble-burying test (MBT) and the antidepressant activity was investigated in forced-swimming test (FST) in mice. Flumazenil, a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine binding and the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY100635 was used in experimental procedures to determine the action mechanism of EO. To exclude any false positive results in experimental procedures, mice were submitted to the rota-rod test. We also quantified some neurotransmitters at specific brain regions after EO oral acute treatment. Results: The present work found anxiolytic-like activity of the EO at the dose of 10 mg/kg in a LDB. Flumazenil, but not WAY100635, was able to reverse the effect of the EO in the LOB, indicating that the EO activity occurs via the GABA(A) receptor-benzodiazepine complex. Only at higher doses did the EO potentiate diethyl-ether-induced sleeping time in mice. In the FST and MBT, EO showed no effect. Finally, the increase in time spent in the light chamber, demonstrated by concomitant treatment with ineffective doses of diazepam (DZP) and the EO, revealed a synergistic effect of the two compounds. The lack of activity after long-term treatment in the LDB test might be related to tolerance induction, even in the DZP-treated group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between groups after either acute or repeated treatments with the EO in the rota-rod test. Neurochemical evaluation showed no amendments in neurotransmitter levels evaluated in cortex, striatum, pons, and hypothalamus. Conclusions: The results corroborate the use of Cymbopogon citratus in folk medicine and suggest that the anxiolytic-like effect of its EO is mediated by the GABA(A) receptor-benzodiazepine complex. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da Actividade Muscular com e sem utilização de calçado instável e aplicação de um desequilíbrio

Objectivo: Este estudo visa avaliar a influência de sapatilhas MBT na actividade electromiográfica do tibial anterior, gastrocnémio, recto femoral e bicípite femoral, aplicando um desequilíbrio. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída por 30 indivíduos do sexo feminino, com idades entre os 21 e os 57 anos. Os dados foram recolhidos através de electromiografia, tendo sido utilizada a plataforma de forças e dinamómetro para monitorizar o desequilíbrio. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no tempo de início de activação muscular com calçado MBT e descalço. Conclusão: O uso de MBT, comparando com descalço, não influenciou os tempos de início de activação muscular.

Modelling of the kinetics of municipal solid waste composting in full-scale mechanical-biological treatment plants

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sanitary Engineering in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the New University of Lisbon

Efeito das condições de fabrico e compactação no comportamento mecânico de misturas betuminosas temperadas

As Misturas Betuminosas Temperadas (MBT) são misturas produzidas a temperaturas mais baixas que as tradicionais a quente, resultando na diminuição da quantidade de energia necessária durante a produção e da emissão de gases poluentes, com melhoria das condições de trabalho dos operários. Estas misturas devem apresentar um comportamento semelhante às tradicionais de modo a se obterem pavimentos com igual durabilidade. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se investigar o efeito da variação das temperaturas de fabrico e de compactação no comportamento em serviço da mistura betuminosa. Para tal, realizou-se o estudo experimental de uma mistura betuminosa (AC 20 base), com incorporação de diferentes aditivos, produzida a temperaturas várias. O efeito dos diferentes aditivos no comportamento reológico do betume a temperaturas elevadas foi avaliado através da medição da viscosidade dinâmica. O desempenho da mistura foi avaliado através do ensaio de deformação permanente e do ensaio de sensibilidade à água. Os resultados do ensaio de sensibilidade à água mostram um efeito claro das temperaturas de produção na resistência da mistura, com os melhores resultados obtidos para as temperaturas sugeridas pelo produtor. Os resultados do ensaio de deformação permanente apresentam maior dependência do tipo de aditivo utilizado do que das temperaturas. Assim, conclui-se que a produção de misturas betuminosas temperadas com incorporação de aditivos não compromete o comportamento em serviço do pavimento desde que sejam utilizadas as temperaturas adequadas para esse tipo de mistura.

Evaluación del comportamiento productivo de clones de Juglans sp. para la obtención de madera de calidad

Cada vez es mayor el interés por las plantaciones de frondosas con fines de producción de madera de calidad, debido principalmente a la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas productivas de mayor rentabilidad. El nogal figura entre las especies más plantadas en los últimos años en España con este fin. En el presente trabajo se evalúa el comportamiento en parcela de 6 materiales clonales de nogal, 5 de Juglans regia y 1 híbrido, seleccionados fundamentalmente por su vigor y aptitud forestal. Cuatro de estos materiales son selecciones IRTA (‘MBT-122’, ‘IRTA R-230’, ‘IRTA R-6’, ‘IRTA X-80’) y los dos restantes son materiales franceses que actúan como referencias (‘RG-2’, ‘Franquette’). En 2005 se estableció la plantación a partir de material multiplicado in vitro, con un diseño en bloques completos al azar (3 repeticiones, 6 tratamientos, 5 observaciones por tratamiento). Desde entonces, se está realizando un seguimiento individualizado del crecimiento y conformación de los árboles, así como de su fenología y de las intervenciones de poda realizadas. El objetivo principal de este ensayo es evaluar el potencial de estos clones para la obtención de madera de calidad en plantaciones en terrenos agrícolas. Los primeros datos registrados arrojan unos crecimientos medios anuales superiores a 1 centímetro en diámetro normal y en torno a los 70 centímetros en altura, valores algo inferiores a los de las progenies de híbridos comerciales. En esta primera etapa de desarrollo no se detectan diferencias significativas en el comportamiento vegetativo de los diferentes clones, observándose una fuerte dependencia de las condiciones de partida del material vegetal. Por lo que respecta a la conformación forestal se observa un comportamiento característico de los clones en alguna de las variables analizadas.

Notes on the Phlebotomine Sand Flies from the Peruvian Southeast: I. Description of Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) adamsi n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae)

A new species of phlebotomine sand fly, Lutzomyia adamsi n. sp., is described and illustrated from specimens collected during August 1994, in Sandia, Department of Puno-Peru. According to the Oficina Nacional de Evaluacion de Recursos Naturales(ONERN 1976), this locality is situated in the life zone known as humid, mountain, low tropical forest (bh-MBT). Many areas in the northern part of Puno, mainly in the Inambari and Tambopata basins, are endemic to leishmaniasis. These areas are the continuation of others, largely known as "leishmaniasic" in the departments of Cusco and Madre de Dios. The morphological characteristics indicated that this species belongs to the genus Lutzomyia, subgenus Helcocyrtomyia Barretto, 1962

Tertiary Himalayan structures and metamorphism in the Kulu Valley (Mandi-Khoksar transect of the Western Himalaya) - Shikar-Beh-nappe and crystalline nappe

The Crystalline Nappe of the High Himalayan Crystalline has been examined along the Kulu Valley and its vicinity (Mandi-Khoksar transect). This nappe was believed to have undergone deformation related only to its transport towards the SW essentially during the `'Main Central Thrust event''. New data has led to the conclusion that during the Himalayan orogeny, two distinctive phases, related to two opposite transport directions, characterize the evolution of this part of the chain, before the creation of the late NE-vergent backfolding. The first phase corresponds to an early NE-vergent folding and thrusting, creating the Tandi Syncline and the NE-oriented Shikar Beh Nappe stack, with a displacement amplitude of about 50 km. Two schistosities, together with a strong stretching lineation are developed at a deep tectonic level under amphibolite facies conditions (kyanite-staurolite-garnet-two mica schists). At a higher tectonic level and in the southern part of the section (Tandy Syncline and southern Kulu Valley between Kulu and Mandi) one or two schistosities are developed in the greenschist facies grade rocks (garnet-biotite and biotite schists). These structures and the associated Barrovian type metamorphism are all related to the NE-verging Shikar Beh Nappe. The creation of the NE-verging Shikar Beh Nappe may be explained by the reactivation of a SW dipping listric normal fault of the N Indian flexural passive margin, during the early stages of the Himalayan orogeny. In the second phase, the still hot metamorphic rocks of the Shikar Beh Nappe were folded and thrust towards the SW (mainly along the MBT and the MCT with a displacement in excess of 100 km) onto the cold, low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Larji-Kulu-Rampur Window or, near Mandi, on the non-metamorphic sandstones of the Ganges Molasse (Siwaliks). Sense of shear criteria and a strong NE-SW stretching-lineation indicate that the Crystalline Nappe has been overthrusted towards the SW. Thermometry on synkinematically crystallised garnet-biotite and garnet-hornblende pairs reveals the lower amphibolite facies temperature conditions related to the Crystalline Nappe formation. From the muscovite and biotite Rb-Sr cooling ages, the Shikar Beh Nappe emplacement occurred before 32 Ma and the southwestward thrusting of the Crystalline Nappe began before 21 Ma. Our model involving two opposite directions of thrusting goes against the conventional idea of only one main SW-oriented transport direction in the High Himalayan Crystalline Nappes.

Sublimation of new matrix candidates for high spatial resolution imaging mass spectrometry of lipids: enhanced information in both positive and negative polarities after 1,5-diaminonapthalene deposition.

Matrix sublimation has demonstrated to be a powerful approach for high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging of lipids, providing very homogeneous solvent-free deposition. This work presents a comprehensive study aiming to evaluate current and novel matrix candidates for high spatial resolution MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of lipids from tissue section after deposition by sublimation. For this purpose, 12 matrices including 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), sinapinic acid (SA), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 2,6-dihydroxyacetphenone (DHA), 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP), 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA), 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN), 1,8,9-anthracentriol (DIT), 1,5-diaminonapthalene (DAN), p-nitroaniline (NIT), 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) were investigated for lipid detection efficiency in both positive and negative ionization modes, matrix interferences, and stability under vacuum. For the most relevant matrices, ion maps of the different lipid species were obtained from tissue sections at high spatial resolution and the detected peaks were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. First proposed for imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) after sublimation, DAN has demonstrated to be of high efficiency providing rich lipid signatures in both positive and negative polarities with high vacuum stability and sub-20 μm resolution capacity. Ion images from adult mouse brain were generated with a 10 μm scanning resolution. Furthermore, ion images from adult mouse brain and whole-body fish tissue sections were also acquired in both polarity modes from the same tissue section at 100 μm spatial resolution. Sublimation of DAN represents an interesting approach to improve information with respect to currently employed matrices providing a deeper analysis of the lipidome by IMS.

Butyltin speciation in sediments from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil) by GC-PFPD

Butyltin compounds were investigated in surface sediments from 17 stations in Todos os Santos Bay. Analytical conditions for organotin determination in marine sediments were optimized for GC with pulsed flame photometric detection. Detection limits were: 5.4 µg kg-1 for TBT; 0.2 µg kg-1 for DBT; and 2.1 µg kg-1 for MBT, using a 610-nm filter. In general, TBT concentrations were low and in the range of

Distribuição espacial de compostos orgânicos de estanho em sedimentos costeiros e em Phallusia nigra da Baía de Todos os Santos e litoral norte da Bahia - Brasil

Organic tin compounds were investigated in the sediment of twenty-four stations located in the Todos os Santos Bay and the north coast of Bahia - Brazil. The concentration of these organic tin was also determined in a ascidium species of Phallusia nigra. The speciation and quantification was performed by GC-MS/MS. The highest concentrations were: tributyltin (TBT) 438 ng g-1, dibutyltin (DBT) 207 ng g-1, monobutyltin (MBT) 423 ng g-1, diphenyltin (DPT) 25.8 ng g-1 and monophenyltin (MPT) 55.0 ng g-1. DBT and MBT were found in Phallusia nigra, with highest concentrations of 294.1 and 148.5 ng g-1, respectively.

Tienpidon ja liikenteen suunnitelma 2013–2016

Uudenmaan elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen liikenne ja infrastruktuuri -vastuualueen toimialue koostuu kolmesta maakunnasta ja 50 kunnasta. Suomalaisista alueella asuu joka kolmas, 1,9 miljoonaa henkeä. Suomen työpaikoista alueella sijaitsee 40 % ja maan bruttokansantuotteesta tuotetaan 44 %. Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen vastuulla on 9100 kilometriä tiestöä, jolla syntyy 29 % Suomen maanteiden liikennesuoritteesta. Alueella on maan suurimmat liikennemäärät ja vilkkaimmat tieosuudet, mutta myös vähäliikenteistä tieverkkoa. Uudenmaan ELYkeskus on myös yksi alueen joukkoliikenteen toimivaltaisista viranomaisista. ELY-keskus kehittää liikkumisolosuhteita yhteistyössä eri sidosryhmien kanssa mm. osallistumalla liikennejärjestelmän ja maankäytön suunnitteluun. Uudenmaan ELY-keskus vahvisti ensimmäistä kertaa joukkoliikennelakiin perustuvana joulukuussa 2011 joukkoliikenteen palvelutason. Vahvistettu palvelutaso ohjaa ELY-keskuksen joukkoliikenteen hankintoja. Toteutettavien palveluiden määrää ja laatua rajoittaa kuitenkin valtion joukkoliikennerahoituksen niukkuus. ELY-keskuksen käytössä on joukkoliikenteen palvelujen ostoon ja kehittämiseen vuosittain noin 6,5 milj. euroa. Joukkoliikennelainsäädännön uudistumiseen liittyen on käynnissä vuoteen 2019 kestävä siirtymäaika. Yli puolet liikennöitsijöiden ja ELY-keskuksen välisistä siirtymäajan liikennöintisopimuksista päättyy suunnitelmakaudella. Suunnittelujakson aikana tulee päätettäväksi, miten joukkoliikennepalvelut järjestetään siirtymäajan jälkeen: markkinaehtoisesti vai EU:n palvelusopimusasetuksen (PSA) mukaisesti. Tienpidossa painotetaan aiempaan tapaan päivittäisen liikkumisen turvaamista. ELY-keskuksen käytössä on vuosittain perusväylänpitoon hieman yli 100 milj. euroa. Talvihoidon taso säilyy. Siltojen tarpeelliset korjaukset tehdään. Vilkkaiden teiden päällysteiden kunto varmistetaan, mutta vähäliikenteisen tieverkon kunto joustaa käytössä olevan rahoituksen mukaisesti. Teiden korjausvelka kasvaa. Kestävien kulkumuotojen - kävelyn, pyöräilyn ja joukkoliikenteen - käytön edistäminen sekä liikenneturvallisuuden parantaminen ovat Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen rahoittamien investointien tärkeimmät valintaperusteet. Valtion, kuntien ja yritysten yhteisrahoitus on keino nopeuttaa alueen omia investointeja. Suunnitelmakaudella käynnistyy Helsingin seudulla MAL (maankäyttö, asuminen, liikenne) -hankekokonaisuus MAL-aiesopimusmenettelyn edistämiseksi. Liikenneverkon kehittämisohjelma 2012–2015 sisältää Uudenmaan ELY:n alueella Kehä I:n ja Kehä III:n parantamishankkeet, tie-, meri- ja rautatieliikenteen ohjausjärjestelmien uusimista sekä raidehankkeita, jotka parantavat ELYn toimialueen liikkumis- ja kuljetusolosuhteita. Isoista väylien kehittämisinvestoinneista vastaa Liikennevirasto.

Plan för väghållningen och trafiken 2013–2016

Verksamhetsområdet för ansvarsområdet trafik och infrastruktur vid närings-, trafik- och miljöcentralen i Nyland omfattar tre landskap och 50 kommuner. Inom området bor var tredje finländare, 1,9 miljoner människor. Av arbetsplatserna i Finland finns 40 procent i området och man producerar 44 procent av landets bruttonationalprodukt. ELY-centralen i Nyland ansvarar för 9 100 kilometer vägar där 29 procent av trafikarbetet på landsvägarna i Finland uppkommer. Området har de största trafikmängderna och de livligaste vägavsnitten i landet men även ett glest trafikerat vägnät. ELY-centralen i Nyland är även en av regionens behöriga myndigheter för kollektivtrafiken. ELY-centralen utvecklar mobilitetsförhållanden i samarbete med olika intressegrupper bl.a. genom att delta i planeringen av trafiksystemetoch markanvändningen. ELY-centralen fastställde i december 2011 för första gången servicenivån i kollektivtrafiken som bygger på kollektivtrafiklagen. Den fastställda servicenivån styr upphandlingen av kollektivtrafik vid ELY-centralen. Den knappa statliga finansieringen av kollektivtrafiken begränsar dock mängden och kvaliteten på de tjänster som kan utföras. ELY-centralen disponerar årligen cirka 6,5 miljoner euro för upphandling av kollektivtrafiktjänster. I anslutning till reformen av kollektivtrafiklagen pågår en övergångstid fram till år 2019. Över hälften av trafikeringsavtalen för övergångstiden mellan trafikidkarna och ELY-centralen löper ut under planeringsperioden. Under planeringsperioden måste beslut fattas om hur kollektivtransporttjänsterna ska ordnas efter övergångstiden: på marknadsvillkor eller enligt EU:s trafikavtalsförordning. Inom väghållningen betonas på samma sätt som tidigare tryggandet av den dagliga mobiliteten. ELY-centralen disponerar årligen något över 100 miljoner euro för bastrafikledshållningen. Vinterväghållningens nivå bevaras. Nödvändiga broreparationer utförs. Skicket på beläggningen på livligt trafikerade vägar säkerställs medan skicket på glest trafikerade vägar kan anpassas efter den finansiering som står till förfogande. Det eftersläpande underhållet av vägarna växer. De viktigaste urvalskriterierna vid valet av investeringar som finansieras av ELY-centralen i Nyland är främjande av hållbara trafikformer, dvs. gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafik, samt förbättring av trafiksäkerheten. En gemensam finansiering av staten, kommunerna och företagen är ett sätt att snabbare genomföra regionens egna investeringar. Under planeringsperioden inleds i Helsingforsregionen en MBT(markanvändning, boende,trafik)-projekthelhet i syfte att främja MBT-intentionsavtalsförfarandet. Inom området för ELY-centralen i Nyland innehåller utvecklingsprogrammet för trafiknätet 2012–2015 förbättringsprojekt för Ring I och Ring III, förnyelse av ledningssystemen för väg-, sjö- och järnvägstrafiken samt spårprojekt som förbättrar mobilitets- och transportförhållandena inom verksamhetsområdet för ELY-centralen. Trafikverket svarar för de stora trafikledernas utvecklingsinvesteringar.

Waste-to-Energy Scenarios in the China Context

Waste incineration plants are increasingly established in China. A low heating value and high moisture content, due to a large proportion of biowaste in the municipal solid waste (MSW), can be regarded as typical characteristics of Chinese MSW. Two incineration technologies have been mainly established in China: stoker grate and circular fluidized bed (CFB). Both of them are designed to incinerate mixed MSW. However, there have been difficulties to reach the sufficient temperature in the combustion process due to the low heating value of the MSW. That is contributed to the usage of an auxiliary fossil fuel, which is often used during the whole incineration process. The objective of this study was to design alternative Waste-to-energy (WTE) scenarios for existing WTE plants with the aim to improve the material and energy efficiency as well as the feasibility of the plants. Moreover, the aim of this thesis was to find the key factors that affect to the feasibility of the scenarios. Five different WTE plants were selected as study targets. The necessary data for calculation was gained from literature as well as received from the operators of the target WTE plants. The created scenarios were based on mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) technologies, in which the produced solid recovered fuel (SRF) was fed as an auxiliary fuel into a WTE plant replacing the fossil fuel. The mechanically separated biowaste was treated either in an anaerobic digestion (AD) plant, a biodrying plant, a thermal drying plant, or a combined AD plant + thermal drying plant. An interactive excel spreadsheet based computation tool was designed to estimate the viability of the scenarios in different WTE cases. The key figures of the improved material and energy efficiency, such as additional electricity generated and avoided waste for landfill, were got as results. Furthermore, economic indicators such as annual profits (or costs), payback period, and internal rate of return (IRR) were gained as results. The results show that the AD scenario was the most profitable in most of the cases. The current heating value of MSW and the tipping fee for the received MSW appeared as the most important factor in terms of feasibility.