Stable carbon and oxygen isotope record of live benthic foraminifera from Swedish fjords

In a previous 16-month seasonal study on living (stained) benthic foraminifera from two fjords on the Swedish west coast, it was reported that foraminifera proliferated in response to phytodetritus input; the strongest response came from the opportunistic species Stainforthia fusiformis. In this study, our objective was to find out if that phytodetritus input resulted in a change in the carbon isotopic composition of the foraminiferal tests. We also wanted to examine if variations in salinity and temperature (due to seasonality or deep-water exchanges) were reflected in the delta18O values. From S. fusiformis that were obtained from the Havstens Fjord (20 m) and the Gullmar Fjord (119 m) during the 16-month study, we developed a time series of delta18O and delta13C. After the spring blooms in the Havstens and the Gullmar Fjord, decreases of about 0.2 per mil to 0.3 per mil in the foraminiferal delta13C values were noted; in the Gullmar Fjord after the autumn blooms, decreases of the same order were also noted. Comparing the Havstens and the Gullmar Fjord, we found a 1 per mil difference in both delta13C and delta18O; we attribute this to hydrographic differences between the two fjords. Using calculated values of delta18O, together with the measured ones, we noticed that S. fusiformis in the Gullmar Fjord seems to calcify close to equilibrium with respect to the oxygen isotopes. During autumn, water temperatures were relatively high in the Havstens Fjord, and foraminiferal abundance in the fjord was also high after a phytodetritus input; but, the measured delta18O values do not reflect these higher temperatures. This apparently contradictory combination of results might be explained by a varying delta18O composition of the water during the year, which counterbalances the temperature effect.

Down-core distribution of live and dead benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediments from the Weddell Sea and the Californian continental borderland

Five short cores sub-sampled from box cores from three sites in the eastern Weddell Sea off Antarctica and in the eastern Pacific off southern California, covering a range in water depth from 500 to 2000 m, were analysed for the down-core distribution of live (stained with Rose Bengal) and dead benthic foraminifera. In the California continental borderland, Planulina ariminensis, Rosalina columbiensis and Trochammina spp. live attached to agglutinated polychaetes tubes that rise above the sedimentwater interface. Bolivina spissa lives exclusively in or on the uppermost sediment. Stained specimens of Chilostomella ovoidea are found down to 6 cm within the sediment and specimens of Globobulimina pacifica down to a maximum of 8 cm. Delta13C values of live G. pacifica decrease with increasing depth from the sediment surface down to 7 cm core depth, indicating that this infaunal species utilizes13C-depleted carbon from pore waters. In the dead, predominantly calcareous benthic forminiferal assemblage, selective dissolution of small delicate tests in the upper sediment column causes a continuous variation in species proportions. In the eastern Weddell Sea, the calcareous Bulimina aculeata lives in a carbonate corrosive environment exclusively in or on the uppermost sediment. The arenaceous Cribrostomoides subglobosum, Recurvoides contortus and some Reophax species are frequently found within the top 4 cm of the sediment, whereas stained specimens of Haplophragmoides bradyi, Glomospira charoides and Cribrostomoides wiesneri occur in maximum abundance below the uppermost 1.5 cm. Species proportions in the dead, predominantly arenaceous, benthic foraminiferal assemblage change in three distinct steps. The first change is caused by calcite dissolution at the sediment-water interface, the second coincides with the lower boundary of intense bioturbation, and the third results from the geochemical shift from oxidizing to reducing conditions below a compacted ash layer.

Special training in injury coding. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Commodity coding manual : 1997 commodity flow survey.

Mode of access: Internet.

The universe we live in;

Mode of access: Internet.

Training program for accident investigation and coding in the National Crash Severity Study. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Guide for training enumerators : field coding prelist areas : 1990 census, 21st decennial census.

"D-643(P)."

Injury coding manual - 1980. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Washington, D.C.

France will live again : the portrait of a peaceful interlude, 1919-1939 /

Illustrations: p. 37-173.

Shepp's New York City illustrated : scene and story in the metropolis of the Western world : how two million people live and die, work and play, eat and sleep, govern themselves and break the laws, win fortunes and lose them, and so build and maintain the New York of to-day /cJames W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp ...

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