Synthesis and solid-state structural characterization of di-μ-azido-bis[{azido(N, N-diethylethylenediamine)}copper(II)]

The 1:1 mixed-ligand [{Cu(N3)2(diEten)}2] (diEten=N,N-diethylethylenediamine) complex has been synthesized and characterized by i.r. spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1. Its structure consists of a centrosymmetric Cu2N2 unit whose N atoms belong to end-on azido bridges. Each copper atom is also surrounded by three nitrogen atoms; two from one N, N-diethylethylenediamine, and one from the remaining azide. The five nitrogen atoms altogether occupy the vertices of a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramid, and the azidobridges produced a rather short Cu...Cu distance of 3.37 Å. © 1989 Chapman and Hall Ltd.

Synthesis and X-ray studies of di-μ-cyanato-bis[{cyanato (N,N- dimethylethylenediamine)}copper(II)]

The compound di-μ-cyanato-bis[{cyanato(N,N-dimethylethylenediamine)} copper(II)] was synthesized, and studied by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It is dimeric with bridging and terminal cyanate groups, and the copper atoms show a square-based pyramid coordination geometry. © 1990.

Tafonomia de Pelecípodes da Formação Teresina (Permiano), Tiaraju, RS, Brasil

Taphonomic analysis of pelecypod concentration in the part of the Teresina Formation (Passa Dois Group), Tiaraju region, State of Rio Grande do Sul, indicates its origins as due to high energy events (storms). The fauna include shallow-burrowing suspensivorous species, associated with this byssate semi-infauna species. Several taphonomic characteristics indicate that the fossiliferous assemblage was subject to little selective processes during transportation. These are: predominance of disarticulated valves (although articulated valves are frequent) and perpendicular, oblique, concordant and nested arrangement of bioclasts in the sedimentary matrix. Absence of fragmentation, bioerosion and incrustation of the bioclasts, suggest fast burial of shells due to high sedimentation rate events. Diagenetic features, indicate that the fossils were later submitted to refossilization and mixing with other non-coeval bioclasts, resulting in some degree of time-averaging.

Contribuição ao protocolo de controle de qualidade da própolis e de seus extratos

A quality control protocol for the analysis of propolis and its extracts is proposed in the present work. Propolis of Apis mellifera L. bees collected in beehives of an apiary located in the northwest of the Paraná State was triturated and submitted to the following analysis: particles medium size determination, loss of dry, ashes drift, waxes drift, drift of extractive (in water and in ethanol) and total flavonoids drift determination. Propolis ethanolic extracts (96 °GL) at 10% (w/w) and at 30% (w/w) were prepared and submitted to the determination of the pH, relative density, dry residue, alcoholic drift and total flavonoids drift determination. Propolis was analyzed, through High Performance Liquid Cromatography (HPLC). Comparing the obtained results with other works, it was observed that is possible to establish the intervals of values for parameters in order to evaluate the quality of a propolis sample and its extracts.

Static lung compliance and body pressures in Tupinambis merianae with and without post-hepatic septum

The surgical removal of the post-hepatic septum (PHS) in the tegu lizard, Tupinambis merianae, significantly reduces resting lung volume (VLr) and maximal lung volume (VLm) when compared with tegus with intact PHS. Standardised for body mass (MB), static lung compliance was significantly less in tegus without PHS. Pleural and abdominal pressures followed, like ventilation, a biphasic pattern. In general, pressures increased during expiration and decreased during inspiration. However, during expiration pressure changes showed a marked intra- and interindividual variation. The removal of the PHS resulted in a lower cranio-caudal intracoelomic pressure differential, but had no effect on the general pattern of pressure changes accompanying ventilation. These results show that a perforated PHS that lacks striated muscle has significant influence on static breathing mechanics in Tupinambis and by analogy provides valuable insight into similar processes that led to the evolution of the mammalian diaphragm. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Empleo y condiciones de trabajo de mujeres temporeras agrícolas. Tomo 1

Publicación originada como parte de los esfuerzos conjuntos de FAO y CEPAL en relación con el estudio de la situación del empleo de las mujeres rurales.

Measurement of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons with the CMS detector

We present a measurement of the ratio of positive to negative muon fluxes from cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, using data collected by the CMS detector both at ground level and in the underground experimental cavern at the CERN LHC. Muons were detected in the momentum range from 5 GeV/. c to 1 TeV/. c. The surface flux ratio is measured to be 1.2766±0.0032(stat.)±0.0032(syst.), independent of the muon momentum, below 100 GeV/. c. This is the most precise measurement to date. At higher momenta the data are consistent with an increase of the charge ratio, in agreement with cosmic ray shower models and compatible with previous measurements by deep-underground experiments. © 2010.

Measurement of the muon stopping power in lead tungstate

A large sample of cosmic ray events collected by the CMS detector is exploited to measure the specific energy loss of muons in the lead tungstate (PbWO4) of the electromagnetic calorimeter. The measurement spans a momentum range from 5 GeV/c to 1 TeV/c. The results are consistent with the expectations over the entire range. The calorimeter energy scale, set with 120 GeV/c electrons, is validated down to the sub-GeV region using energy deposits, of order 100 MeV, associated with low-momentum muons. The muon critical energy in PbWO4 is measured to be 160+5 -68 GeV, in agreement with expectations. This is the first experimental determination of muon critical energy. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

Commissioning of the CMS experiment and the cosmic run at four tesla

The CMS Collaboration conducted a month-long data-taking exercise known as the Cosmic Run At Four Tesla in late 2008 in order to complete the commissioning of the experiment for extended operation. The operational lessons resulting from this exercise were addressed in the subsequent shutdown to better prepare CMS for LHC beams in 2009. The cosmic data collected have been invaluable to study the performance of the detectors, to commission the alignment and calibration techniques, and to make several cosmic ray measurements. The experimental setup, conditions, and principal achievements from this data-taking exercise are described along with a review of the preceding integration activities. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger during commissioning with cosmic ray muons and LHC beams

The CMS Level-1 trigger was used to select cosmic ray muons and LHC beam events during data-taking runs in 2008, and to estimate the level of detector noise. This paper describes the trigger components used, the algorithms that were executed, and the trigger synchronisation. Using data from extended cosmic ray runs, the muon, electron/photon, and jet triggers have been validated, and their performance evaluated. Efficiencies were found to be high, resolutions were found to be good, and rates as expected. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

Performance of the CMS drift-tube chamber local trigger with cosmic rays

The performance of the Local Trigger based on the drift-tube system of the CMS experiment has been studied using muons from cosmic ray events collected during the commissioning of the detector in 2008. The properties of the system are extensively tested and compared with the simulation. The effect of the random arrival time of the cosmic rays on the trigger performance is reported, and the results are compared with the design expectations for proton-proton collisions and with previous measurements obtained with muon beams. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

Fine synchronization of the CMS muon drift-tube local trigger using cosmic rays

The CMS experiment uses self-triggering arrays of drift tubes in the barrel muon trigger to perform the identification of the correct bunch crossing. The identification is unique only if the trigger chain is correctly synchronized. In this paper, the synchronization performed during an extended cosmic ray run is described and the results are reported. The random arrival time of cosmic ray muons allowed several synchronization aspects to be studied and a simple method for the fine synchronization of the Drift Tube Local Trigger at LHC to be developed. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

Commissioning of the CMS High-Level Trigger with cosmic rays

The CMS High-Level Trigger (HLT) is responsible for ensuring that data samples with potentially interesting events are recorded with high efficiency and good quality. This paper gives an overview of the HLT and focuses on its commissioning using cosmic rays. The selection of triggers that were deployed is presented and the online grouping of triggered events into streams and primary datasets is discussed. Tools for online and offline data quality monitoring for the HLT are described, and the operational performance of the muon HLT algorithms is reviewed. The average time taken for the HLT selection and its dependence on detector and operating conditions are presented. The HLT performed reliably and helped provide a large dataset. This dataset has proven to be invaluable for understanding the performance of the trigger and the CMS experiment as a whole. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

CMS data processing workflows during an extended cosmic ray run

The CMS Collaboration conducted a month-long data taking exercise, the Cosmic Run At Four Tesla, during October-November 2008, with the goal of commissioning the experiment for extended operation. With all installed detector systems participating, CMS recorded 270 million cosmic ray events with the solenoid at a magnetic field strength of 3.8 T. This paper describes the data flow from the detector through the various online and offline computing systems, as well as the workflows used for recording the data, for aligning and calibrating the detector, and for analysis of the data. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.