Prospective system analysis of stationary battery systems under the frame of Constructive Technology Assessment

Based on the report for the unit “Project IV” of the PhD programme on Technology Assessment under the supervision of Dr.-Ing. Marcel Weil and Prof. Dr. António Brandão Moniz. The report was presented and discussed at the Doctorate Conference on Technologogy Assessment in July 2013 at the University Nova Lisboa, Caparica campus.

Indoor location-based analytics systems: Portuguese market compettive assessment and entry procing strategy of BIPs' technology in Sonae Sierra Shopping malls stores

This project attempts to provide an in-depth competitive assessment of the Portuguese indoor location-based analytics market, and to elaborate an entry-pricing strategy for Business Intelligence Positioning System (BIPS) implementation in Portuguese shopping centre stores. The role of industry forces and company’s organizational resources platform to sustain company’s competitive advantage was explored. A customer value-based pricing approach was adopted to assess BIPS value to retailers and maximize Sonae Sierra profitability. The exploratory quantitative research found that there is a market opportunity to explore every store area types with tailored proposals, and to set higher-than-tested membership fees to allow a rapid ROI, concluding there are propitious conditions for Sierra to succeed in BIPS store’s business model in Portugal.

Health systems efficiency after the crisis in the OECD

This work evaluates the efficiency position of the health system of each OECD country. It identifies whether, or not, health systems changed in terms of quality and performance after the financial crisis. The health systems performance was calculated by fixed-effects estimator and by stochastic frontier analysis. The results suggest that many of those countries that the crisis affected the most are more efficient than the OECD average. In addition, some of those countries even managed to reach the top decile in the efficiency ranking. Finally, we analyze the stochastic frontier efficiency scores together with other health indicators to evaluate the health systems’ overall adjustments derived from the crisis.

Autonomia funcional em idosos : caracterização multidimensional em idosos utentes de um centro de saúde urbano

RESUMO: Tivemos como objectivo do presente trabalho avaliar a capacidade funcional, e factores eventualmente a ela associados, numa amostra de 152 idosos ambulatórios, sem doenças agudas ou graves, utentes de um centro de saúde urbano. Cada avaliação consistiu numa entrevista, mediante um inquérito sobre capacidade funcional, morbilidade, estado mental e aspectos sociais, e no estudo da composição corporal. As perguntas referentes às variáveis estudadas foram por nós desenvolvidas e estruturadas com base em escalas internacionais validadas e de utilização comum na avaliação de idosos, excepto para as variáveis em que não encontrámos escalas com essas características. Os seus quesitos foram incluídos como perguntas e respostas estruturadas e pré-codificadas, permitindo a atribuição de uma pontuação a cada variável e a sua posterior divisão dicotómica. Aplicámos as escalas de Katz e de Lawton para a avaliação das actividades de autonomia física e instrumental da vida diária, a escala de Grimby para a avaliação da actividade física, a escala de Hamilton e o teste de Folstein para a avaliação do estado mental nas vertentes afectiva e cognitiva e a escala de Graffar para caracterizar a classe social, e perguntas sobre locomoção, autoavaliação da saúde, queixas de saúde presentes e rede social. Fizemos o registo da morbilidade segundo a International Classification of Primary Care - ICPC. A avaliação antropométrica constou da medição do peso, da altura, dos perímetros do braço, da cintura, da anca e proximal da coxa, e das pregas bicipital, tricipital, sub-escapular e supra-ilíaca. Foi também feita a estimativa da composição corporal por cálculos derivados de índices antropométricos e de bioimpedância eléctrica corporal total, o doseamento de algumas proteínas plasmáticas e a quantificação da força de preensão. Analisámos os resultados obtidos por grupos quanto ao sexo e à idade, dividida nos escalões etários 65 a 74 anos e mais do que 74 anos. Por regressão linear múltipla, foi testado o efeito do sexo e da idade sobre os valores medidos, para cada uma das variáveis e cada uma das suas pontuações parciais, sendo considerado como evidência de um efeito estaticamente significativo um valor “p” inferior a 0,05.Resumimos do seguinte modo os dados obtidos e a sua comparação com os dos estudos que seleccionámos como referência: A média de idades da amostra foi de 74 anos, sendo um terço destes do sexo masculino. Na sua maioria eram independentes em locomoção e funcionalidade, praticavam alguma actividade física, classificavam a sua saúde como razoável ou boa, apresentavam sintomatologia activa, não tinham depressão ou demência, tinham quem os acompanhasse embora cerca de metade apresentasse algum grau de isolamento, eram de baixa classe social, tinham excesso de peso, valores elevados de massa gorda, parâmetros plasmáticos proteicos compatíveis com ausência de doenças agudas ou graves e considerável força muscular de preensão. Na análise descritiva por grupos quanto ao sexo e/ou à idade, verificou-se que as mulheres e os mais idosos apresentavam maior isolamento social e os valores mais baixos de massa magra, hemoglobina e força de preensão. As mulheres tinham maior prevalência de dependência em autonomia física, depressão e valores mais baixos de transferrina. Os mais idosos apresentavam maior dependência em funcionalidade, menor actividade física, maior prevalência de demência, índice de massa corporal menos elevado, e valores mais baixos de albumina. Não se verificou prevalência de piores resultados dicotómicos nos homens nem no escalão etário menos idoso. Não teve relação com o sexo ou a idade o compromisso em autonomia instrumental, a presença de morbilidade ou a baixa classe social, assim como a não perturbação da locomoção e dos níveis de somatomedina-C. A análise comparativa com estudos multidimensionais em idosos portugueses e europeus ambulatórios revelou que a nossa amostra apresentava muitas características semelhantes às desses idosos. Assim, tinham elevada independência em locomoção, considerável independência em autonomia física e menor independência em autonomia instrumental; prática de actividade física ligeira, as mulheres dentro e os homens fora de casa; maior prevalência de morbilidade a nível dos aparelhos locomotor e cardiocirculatório, nos nossos idosos com pouca flutuação na autoavaliação de saúde; pequena prevalência de depressão e de demência; maior isolamento social nas mulheres e nas mais idosas; factores de classe social de baixo nível, diferindo apenas em relação aos idosos do norte da Europa que apresentavam elevada escolaridade e profissões mais diferenciadas; características biométricas sobreponíveis às dos idosos portugueses e às dos do sul da Europa, com tendência para o excesso de peso e proporção elevada de massa gorda; e doseamentos plasmáticos proteicos e força muscular de preensão compatíveis com ausência de doenças agudas ou crónicas graves. A comparação com os referidos estudos em relação ao risco de dependência, revelou semelhanças na associação entre dependência funcional e idade avançada, morbilidade, alteração do estado mental e isolamento social. Na amostra que estudámos não obtivemos associação entre dependência e o sexo feminino, facto que se verificou no estudo nacional de Almeida et al. e nos estudos multicêntricos europeus, ou o grau de escolaridade, como no estudo francês. Podemos concluir que, com o instrumento de avaliação que utilizámos, foi possível detectar e caracterizar perturbações numa amostra de idosos ambulatórios, a maioria funcionalmente independentes, sem alterações do estado mental, mas apresentando morbilidade activa, tendência para a obesidade, e actividade física ligeira. Nos que apresentaram alterações, estas foram mais frequentes no sexo feminino e nos indivíduos com mais de 74 anos. A escala de funcionalidade desenvolvida foi sensível aos efeitos da idade e permitiu o cálculo do risco de dependência em relação às outras variáveis estudadas, sendo mais marcante a associação com baixa actividade física, presença de queixas de saúde, demência e índice de massa corporal elevado. Consideramos que a metodologia que empregámos poderá contribuir para a avaliação de capacidades, cujo conhecimento sistemático nos idosos se impõe. ------------- ABSTRACT: The main objective of the present work was to evaluate functional capacity and related factors, in a sample of 152 ambulatory elderly, free from acute or serious disease, attending an urban health centre. Each evaluation included an interview, with a questionnaire about functional capacity, morbidity, mental health and social aspects, and the study of body composition. The questions were developed and structured in accordance with international validated scales usually applied in the evaluation of the elderly, whenever there were scales for that purpose. Their items were included as structured pre-coded questions and answers, so that each variable could have its own quotation and be dichotomised. We employed Katz and Lawton scales for basic and instrumental activities of daily living, Grimby scale for physical activity, Hamilton scale for depression, Folstein’s Mini Mental State Examination for cognitive ability and Graffar scale for social class, and questions about walking, health perception, active complaints and social network. The symptoms register was done according to the International Classification of Primary Care - ICPC. The anthropometric exam involved the determination of height and weight, arm, waist, hip and proximal thigh circumferences, and biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds. For the body composition calculation we employed equations derived from anthropometric indices, and from measurement of total body bioelectric impedance. We also measured some plasma proteins and handgrip strength. The analysis of results was done by sex and age groups, separating those with 65 to 74 years from those older than 74 years. The effects of sex and age were tested by linear multiple regression, for each variable and its components. Presented "p" values being considered statistically significative if less than 0,05. The results we obtained and their comparison with the studies we choose as reference can be summarised as follows: Mean age of the sample was 74 years and about one third were men. Most of them were independent in gait and functionality, practised some physical activity, rate their health as fair or good, had physical complaints, had not depression or dementia, had some companionship although almost half of them with stigmas of isolation, belonged to low social class, were in the range of overweight, had raised values of fat mass, plasma proteins in accordance with no acute or serious disease, and considerable handgrip strength. The analysis of groups by sex and age revealed that women and the eldest had the greater social isolation and the lowest values of free fat mass, haemoglobin and handgrip strength. Women had the higher dependence in basic activities of daily living, more depression and lower levels of transferrin. The eldest were more dependent in functionality, had greater prevalence of dementia, less physical activity, less raised body mass index and lower levels of albumin. Men alone and the age range of 65 to 74 did not show any prevalence of the worse dichotomised results. There was no relationship between sex or age and instrumental activities of daily living, morbidity or low social class, and unaffected gait or somatomedin-C levels. The comparison of results with multidimensional studies in portuguese and european ambulatory elderly showed that our sample had many similarities with theirs. They were independent in gait and activities of daily living; practiced light physical activity, women indoors and men outdoors; had greater morbidity at locomotor and cardiovascular systems, with small latitude in health evaluation; low prevalence of depression and dementia; social isolation predominantly in older women; and low social class factors, witch is only different from those of north Europe who had higher education levels and professional carriers; biometric characteristics similar to other portuguese and south Europe elders, with tendency for overweight and high proportion of fat mass; and plasma protein levels and handgrip strength in accordance with no acute or chronic serious disease. The comparison to the referred studies in relation to dependency risk, showed similarities in the association of dependency and age, morbidity,altered mental state and social isolation. We did not find association between dependency and sex, as it was found in the portuguese study of Almeida et al. and the european multicentric studies, or the education level, as in the french study. We conclude that, with the evaluation battery we employed, it was possible to detect and characterise alterations in a sample of ambulatory elderly, most of whom were functionally independent and had no alterations in mental state, but had active morbidity, tendency to obesity, and only light physical activity. Those that had some alteration, were more frequently women and the eldest. The functionality scale we developed showed to be sensitive to age effects and suitable for the calculation of risk of dependency, being more important the association with low physical activity, active complaints, dementia and high body mass index. We consider that the methodology we applied can contribute to the evaluation of capabilities that should be systematically sought for in the elderly.

PV systems linked to the grid: parameter identification with a heuristic procedure

This paper focuses on a PV system linked to the electric grid by power electronic converters, identification of the five parameters modeling for photovoltaic systems and the assessment of the shading effect. Normally, the technical information for photovoltaic panels is too restricted to identify the five parameters. An undemanding heuristic method is used to find the five parameters for photovoltaic systems, requiring only the open circuit, maximum power, and short circuit data. The I–V and the P–V curves for a monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous photovoltaic systems are computed from the parameters identification and validated by comparison with experimental ones. Also, the I–V and the P–V curves under the effect of partial shading are obtained from those parameters. The modeling for the converters emulates the association of a DC–DC boost with a two-level power inverter in order to follow the performance of a testing commercial inverter employed on an experimental system.

Simplified wind turbine models for wind energy integration into power systems

This paper analyses the boundaries of simplified wind turbine models used to represent the behavior of wind turbines in order to conduct power system stability studies. Based on experimental measurements, the response of recent simplified (also known as generic) wind turbine models that are currently being developed by the International Standard IEC 61400-27 is compared to complex detailed models elaborated by wind turbine manufacturers. This International Standard, whose Technical Committee was convened in October 2009, is focused on defining generic simulation models for both wind turbines (Part 1) and wind farms (Part 2). The results of this work provide an improved understanding of the usability of generic models for conducting power system simulations.

Development of 3D in vitro models for prediction of hepatic metabolism and toxicity

The development of human cell models that recapitulate hepatic functionality allows the study of metabolic pathways involved in toxicity and disease. The increased biological relevance, cost-effectiveness and high-throughput of cell models can contribute to increase the efficiency of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. Recapitulation of liver functionality in vitro requires the development of advanced culture strategies to mimic in vivo complexity, such as 3D culture, co-cultures or biomaterials. However, complex 3D models are typically associated with poor robustness, limited scalability and compatibility with screening methods. In this work, several strategies were used to develop highly functional and reproducible spheroid-based in vitro models of human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells using stirred culture systems. In chapter 2, the isolation of human hepatocytes from resected liver tissue was implemented and a liver tissue perfusion method was optimized towards the improvement of hepatocyte isolation and aggregation efficiency, resulting in an isolation protocol compatible with 3D culture. In chapter 3, human hepatocytes were co-cultivated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the phenotype of both cell types was characterized, showing that MSC acquire a supportive stromal function and hepatocytes retain differentiated hepatic functions, stability of drug metabolism enzymes and higher viability in co-cultures. In chapter 4, a 3D alginate microencapsulation strategy for the differentiation of HepaRG cells was evaluated and compared with the standard 2D DMSO-dependent differentiation, yielding higher differentiation efficiency, comparable levels of drug metabolism activity and significantly improved biosynthetic activity. The work developed in this thesis provides novel strategies for 3D culture of human hepatic cell models, which are reproducible, scalable and compatible with screening platforms. The phenotypic and functional characterization of the in vitro systems performed contributes to the state of the art of human hepatic cell models and can be applied to the improvement of pre-clinical drug development efficiency of the process, model disease and ultimately, development of cell-based therapeutic strategies for liver failure.

Overcoming the “European Paradox”: The role of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) in translating R&D investments into economic and employment growth

The emergence of the so-called “European Paradox” shows that R&D investment is not maximally effective and that increasing the scale of public R&D expenditures is not sufficient to generate employment and sustained economic growth. Increasing Governmental R&D Investment is far from being a “panacea” for stagnant growth. It is worth noting that Government R&D Investment does not have a statistically significant impact on employment, indicating the need to assess the trade-offs of policies that could lead to significant increases in government expenditure. Surprisingly, Governmental R&D Employment does not contribute to “mass-market” employment, despite its quite important role in reducing Youth-Unemployment. Despite the negative side-effects of Governmental R&D Employment on both GVA and GDP, University R&D Employment appears to have a quite important role in reducing Unemployment, especially Youth-Unemployment, while it also does not have a downside in terms of economic growth. Technological Capacity enhancement is the most effective instrument for reducing Unemployment and is a policy without any downside regarding sustainable economical development. In terms of wider policy implications, the results reinforce the idea that European Commission Research and Innovation policies must be restructured, shifting from a transnational framework to a more localised, measurable and operational approach.

Optimization of export support systems: How to promote exports from Portugal to Germany in the area of information technology and electronics

This work project focuses on developing new approaches which enhance Portuguese exports towards a defined German industry sector within the information technology and electronics fields. Firstly and foremost, information was collected and a set of expert and top managers’ interviews were performed in order to acknowledge the demand of the German market while identifying compatible Portuguese supply capabilities. Among the main findings, Industry 4.0 presents itself as a valuable opportunity in the German market for Portuguese medium sized companies in the embedded systems area of expertise for machinery and equipment companies. In order to achieve the purpose of the work project, an embedded systems platform targeting machinery and equipment companies was suggested as well as it was developed several recommendations on how to implement it. An alternative approach for this platform was also considered within the German market namely the eHealth sector having the purpose of enhancing the current healthcare service provision.

Optimization of export support systems

The present paper is a personal reflection on a work project carried out to promote exports from Portugal to Germany in the IT area, under consideration of the deliverables required by the clients CCILA and Anetie. The project outcome approaches the fact that the majority of the Portuguese market players has disadvantages in size and does rarely coordinate activities among each other, which hinders them to export successfully on a broad scale. To bring together Portuguese delivery potential and German market demand, expert interviews were conducted. Based on the findings, a concept was developed to overcome the domestic collaboration issues in order to strengthen the national exports in the identified sector - embedded systems implementation services for machinery and equipment companies.

Environmental isolation, biochemical identification, and antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus species

Introduction The incidence of opportunistic fungal infections has increased in recent years and is considered an important public health problem. Among systemic and opportunistic mycoses, cryptococcosis is distinguished by its clinical importance due to the increased risk of infection in individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Methods To determine the occurrence of pathogenic Cryptococcus in pigeon excrement in the City of Araraquara, samples were collected from nine environments, including state and municipal schools, abandoned buildings, parks, and a hospital. The isolates were identified using classical tests, and susceptibility testing for the antifungal drugs (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B) independently was also performed. After collection, the excrement samples were plated on Niger agar and incubated at room temperature. Results A total of 87 bird dropping samples were collected, and 66.6% were positive for the genus Cryptococcus. The following species were identified: Cryptococcus neoformans (17.2%), Cryptococcus gattii (5.2%), Cryptococcus ater (3.5%), Cryptococcus laurentti (1.7%), and Cryptococcus luteolus (1.7%). A total of 70.7% of the isolates were not identified to the species level and are referred to as Cryptococcus spp. throughout the manuscript. Conclusions Although none of the isolates demonstrated resistance to antifungal drugs, the identification of infested areas, the proper control of birds, and the disinfection of these environments are essential for the epidemiological control of cryptococcosis.

Comparateive analysis: Public and private school management systems

The Portuguese educational system has counted, for many years, with the co-existence of both public and private schools. In fact, the country’s growth and development led, in the past, to an increasing demand for free of charge public education that could only be matched through the creation of “publicly-subsidized and privately owned and managed schools”. Still, the demographic evolution of Portugal recently generated a decrease on the demand for public educational services. This situation has raised doubts about the true contribution of this type of school for the public education system. This paper aims at answering this question by isolating the impact of different property and management schemes on the performance of students, resorting to cross-section data on 9th grade students from 2010. The results corroborate the well known result on the relevance of the family socio-economic background for students’ performance, but do also sustain the existence of a significant positive impact of private ownership and management schemes on the overall performance of students. These results suggest that there might be gains associated with the expansion of such schemes within the public education system.

New delivery systems for amphotericin B applied to the improvement of leishmaniasis treatment

Leishmaniasis is one of the six major tropical diseases targeted by the World Health Organization. It is a life-threatening disease of medical, social and economic importance in endemic areas. No vaccine is yet available for human use, and chemotherapy presents several problems. Pentavalent antimonials have been the drugs of choice to treat the disease for more than six decades; however, they exhibit high toxicity and are not indicated for children, for pregnant or breastfeeding women or for chronically ill patients. Amphotericin B (AmpB) is a second-line drug, and although it has been increasingly used to treat visceral leishmaniasis (VL), its clinical use has been hampered due to its high toxicity. This review focuses on the development and in vivo usage of new delivery systems for AmpB that aim to decrease its toxicity without altering its therapeutic efficacy. These new formulations, when adjusted with regard to their production costs, may be considered new drug delivery systems that promise to improve the treatment of leishmaniasis, by reducing the side effects and the number of doses while permitting a satisfactory cost-benefit ratio.

Fiscal adjustments and sovereign default in different government systems

This paper extends the model of Spolaore (2004) about adjustments in di erent government systems for the context of scal adjustments and sovereign default. We introduce asymmetry between groups in income and preferences towards scal reforms. Default a ects di erently each group and becomes a possibility if reforms are not enacted after public nance solvency shocks, in uencing the political game according to its likelihood. With the extensions, new situations which were not possible with the previous framework arise. After the exposition of the model, the Argentine default in 2001 provides an example of the political con icts addressed by the model.