Classification of antimicrobial resistance using artificial neural networks and the relationship of 38 genes associated with the virulence of Escherichia coli isolates from broilers

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is responsible for various pathological processes in birds and is considered as one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality, associated with economic losses to the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that it is possible to predict antimicrobial resistance of 256 samples (APEC) using 38 different genes responsible for virulence factors, through a computer program of artificial neural networks (ANNs). A second target was to find the relationship between (PI) pathogenicity index and resistance to 14 antibiotics by statistical analysis. The results showed that the RNAs were able to make the correct classification of the behavior of APEC samples with a range from 74.22 to 98.44%, and make it possible to predict antimicrobial resistance. The statistical analysis to assess the relationship between the pathogenic index (PI) and resistance against 14 antibiotics showed that these variables are independent, i.e. peaks in PI can happen without changing the antimicrobial resistance, or the opposite, changing the antimicrobial resistance without a change in PI.

Follicle and corpus luteum size and vascularity as predictors of fertility at the time of artificial insemination and embryo transfer in beef cattle

Abstract:Two ultrasound based fertility prediction methods were tested prior to embryo transfer (ET) and artificial insemination (AI) in cattle. Female bovines were submitted to estrous synchronization prior to ET and AI. Animals were scanned immediately before ET and AI procedure to target follicle and corpus luteum (CL) size and vascularity. In addition, inseminated animals were also scanned eleven days after insemination to target CL size and vascularity. All data was compared with fertility by using gestational diagnosis 35 days after ovulation. Prior to ET, CL vascularity showed a positive correlation with fertility, and no pregnancy occurred in animals with less than 40% of CL vascularity. Prior to AI and also eleven days after AI, no relationship with fertility was seen in all parameters analyzed (follicle and CL size and vascularity), and contrary, cows with CL vascularity greater than 70% exhibit lower fertility. In inseminated animals, follicle size and vascularity was positive related with CL size and vascularity, as shown by the presence of greater CL size and vascularity originated from follicle with also greater size and vascularity. This is the first time that ultrasound based fertility prediction methods were tested prior to ET and AI and showed an application in ET, but not in AI programs. Further studies are needed including hormone profile evaluation to improve conclusion.

Remoção mecânica de plantas aquáticas: análise econômica e operacional

A remoção de plantas aquáticas tem sido utilizada como opção ao controle químico e biológico, em razão de restrições ambientais em algumas regiões brasileiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo para análise econômica e operacional da remoção mecânica de plantas aquáticas, visando realizar estudo econômico comparativo com o controle químico. A operação foi estudada num reservatório de uma usina de bombeamento em Barra do Piraí-RJ. O sistema consiste de retroescavadeiras instaladas em balsas, usadas para cortar as plantas e liberá-las no fluxo de água. Antes da tomada d'água existe uma barreira flutuante que intercepta as plantas, as quais são removidas por um guindaste fixo nas margens. As plantas são armazenadas por algum tempo e depois descartadas. Existe, ainda, um sistema de limpeza das grades da tomada d'água. Dados do volume total de plantas descartadas foram coletados durante 14 meses, assim como foi avaliado o volume de biomassa produzido por área das principais espécies infestantes. A empreiteira que administra o serviço forneceu planilhas de custos e outro parâmetros operacionais. Um modelo foi desenvolvido para calcular custos por hectare de plantas removidas. Os resultados mostraram custo médio mensal de US$ 17.780,28 por hectare. Apesar do alto custo, o sistema de remoção demonstrou capacidade de controlar apenas 4,1% da área infestada no reservatório, na época da coleta dos dados. Simulando dados de uma aplicação de glyphosate, o controle químico custaria apenas 0,23% do custo da remoção. Análises de sensibilidade mostraram que a compactação das plantas para transporte, o volume de plantas produzidas por área e o custo do transporte são os parâmetros principais para a otimização.

Dinâmica do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho afetado pelo pisoteio bovino e tempo de pousio da área

Para avaliar a influência do pisoteio bovino e do tempo de pousio na dinâmica do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho foi conduzido um experimento em lavoura comercial de arroz irrigado, que adota o sistema de cultivo mínimo, seguido de dois anos de pousio, manejada, nesse período, pelo pastejo de bovinos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições no esquema bifatorial. O fator A constou dos manejos pós-colheita da cultura de arroz: [M1] - pousio com pisoteio animal e [M2] - pousio sem pisoteio animal. O fator B constou dos anos de amostragem: [A1] - 1999, [A2] - 2000 e [A3] - 2001. O banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho foi estimado através de 12 amostras de solo por parcela, em abril de 1999, abril de 2000 e abril de 2001, com trado cilíndrico de 10 cm de diâmetro. As profundidades de coleta das amostras de solo foram de 0-1 cm, 1-5 cm, 5-10 cm e 10-15 cm. Após a coleta, os grãos de arroz-vermelho foram separados do solo, contados e submetidos ao teste de tetrazólio, para estimativa da viabilidade. O pisoteio bovino não afetou a distribuição das sementes no perfil do solo, bem como a dinâmica do banco de sementes. Houve efeito do tempo de pousio sobre o banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho; a equação que melhor explica a correlação entre número de sementes viáveis e tempo de pousio, em meses, foi a equação exponencial y = 1382,15 exp (-0,1988*x) p<0,05, demonstrando o decréscimo de 1.448 para 151 (90% de redução) em 12 meses e para 38 (98% de redução) sementes viáveis por m² em 24 meses de pousio. Com relação às profundidades de enterrio das sementes de arroz-vermelho, foi observado que, para o ano de 2000, a redução do banco de sementes foi maior na superfície do solo, enquanto para o ano de 2001 não houve diferença significativa entre as profundidades. As sementes que estavam na superfície do solo perderam a viabilidade rapidamente, em torno de 99% em um ano de pousio, tanto na presença como na ausência de pisoteio. Conclui-se que o pisoteio animal não interfere na dinâmica do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho da área em pousio. O pousio do solo, com ou sem pisoteio animal, reduz o banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho.

Membrane properties of structurally modified ceramides : effects on lipid lateral distribution and sphingomyelin-interactions in artificial bilayer membranes

Ceramides comprise a class of sphingolipids that exist only in small amounts in cellular membranes, but which have been associated with important roles in cellular signaling processes. The influences that ceramides have on the physical properties of bilayer membranes reach from altered thermodynamical behavior to significant impacts on the molecular order and lateral distribution of membrane lipids. Along with the idea that the membrane physical state could influence the physiological state of a cell, the membrane properties of ceramides have gained increasing interest. Therefore, membrane phenomena related to ceramides have become a subject of intense study both in cellular as well as in artificial membranes. Artificial bilayers, the so called model membranes, are substantially simpler in terms of contents and spatio-temporal variation than actual cellular membranes, and can be used to give detailed information about the properties of individual lipid species in different environments. This thesis focuses on investigating how the different parts of the ceramide molecule, i.e., the N-linked acyl chain, the long-chain sphingoid base and the membrane-water interface region, govern the interactions and lateral distribution of these lipids in bilayer membranes. With the emphasis on ceramide/sphingomyelin(SM)-interactions, the relevance of the size of the SMhead group for the interaction was also studied. Ceramides with methylbranched N-linked acyl chains, varying length sphingoid bases, or methylated 2N (amide-nitrogen) and 3O (C3-hydroxyl) at the interface region, as well as SMs with decreased head group size, were synthesized and their bilayer properties studied by calorimetric and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. In brief, the results showed that the packing of the ceramide acyl chains was more sensitive to methyl-branching in the mid part than in the distal end of the N-linked chain, and that disrupting the interfacial structure at the amide-nitrogen, as opposed to the C3-hydroxyl, had greater effect on the interlipid interactions of ceramides. Interestingly, it appeared that the bilayer properties of ceramides could be more sensitive to small alterations in the length of the long-chain base than what was previously reported for the N-linked acyl chain. Furthermore, the data indicated that the SM-head group does not strongly influence the interactions between SMs and ceramides. The results in this thesis illustrate the pivotal role of some essential parts of the ceramide molecules in determining their bilayer properties. The thesis provides increased understanding of the molecular aspects of ceramides that possibly affect their functions in biological membranes, and could relate to distinct effects on cell physiology.

Potencial competitivo de cultivares de trigo em função do tempo de emergência

Características morfofisiológicas de cultivares de trigo definem a sua capacidade em competir com plantas daninhas pelos recursos do meio. Objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar variações no tempo de emergência, crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de cultivares de trigo com diferentes ciclos e estatura de plantas. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2006 em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, em delineamento completamente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por sete cultivares de trigo - BRS Guatambu, BRS Tarumã, BRS Timbaúva, BRS Camboatá, BRS Buriti, CD 105 e BRS Camboim - e duas plantas daninhas: nabo e azevém. O tempo de emergência dos cultivares e o das plantas daninhas foram avaliados até os dez dias após a semeadura. Aos 10, 20 e 35 dias após a emergência (DAE), foi determinada a estatura das plantas de trigo e, aos 20 e 35 DAE, o estádio de desenvolvimento. Aos 35 DAE foi determinada a área foliar e a matéria seca das partes aérea e radicular, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Entre as características avaliadas nos cultivares de trigo, a duração do ciclo e a estatura da planta não influenciaram o tempo de emergência; os cultivares BRS Guatambu, BRS Timbaúva e BRS Camboim foram os que apresentaram maior potencial competitivo no início do ciclo, e o BRS Tarumã, o que apresentou as menores médias para as variáveis morfológicas.

Aplicação de modelos múltiplos na determinação de níveis de prejuízo para a interação Solanum americanum e tomate de indústria

Este estudo apresenta um conceito unificador, que conjuga as teorias de densidade crítica e período crítico. Hipotetiza-se que não existe um valor fixo para a densidade crítica e para o período crítico, mas que os seus valores são interdependentes. A demonstração dessa hipótese é fundamentada em estudos de interferência entre Solanum americanum e o tomateiro. Aos resultados da produção de cinco ensaios, aplicaram-se modelos múltiplos de regressão, tendo como variáveis independentes a densidade e o número de dias de convivência entre a infestante e a cultura. A aplicação do Nível de Tolerância (NT) à representação gráfica num plano das equações estimadas a partir de modelos múltiplos permite responder à questão: Quanto tempo pode permanecer uma determinada infestação de Solanum americanum sem causar prejuízo na cultura do tomateiro? É ainda possível verificar que a variação dos custos do controle e dos preços da cultura faz variar o NT e, concomitantemente, o tempo admissível, sem causar prejuízo, do Solanum americanum na cultura do tomateiro.

Forecasting of wind speeds and directions with artificial neural networks

In this master’s thesis, wind speeds and directions were modeled with the aim of developing suitable models for hourly, daily, weekly and monthly forecasting. Artificial Neural Networks implemented in MATLAB software were used to perform the forecasts. Three main types of artificial neural network were built, namely: Feed forward neural networks, Jordan Elman neural networks and Cascade forward neural networks. Four sub models of each of these neural networks were also built, corresponding to the four forecast horizons, for both wind speeds and directions. A single neural network topology was used for each of the forecast horizons, regardless of the model type. All the models were then trained with real data of wind speeds and directions collected over a period of two years in the municipal region of Puumala in Finland. Only 70% of the data was used for training, validation and testing of the models, while the second last 15% of the data was presented to the trained models for verification. The model outputs were then compared to the last 15% of the original data, by measuring the mean square errors and sum square errors between them. Based on the results, the feed forward networks returned the lowest generalization errors for hourly, weekly and monthly forecasts of wind speeds; Jordan Elman networks returned the lowest errors when used for forecasting of daily wind speeds. Cascade forward networks gave the lowest errors when used for forecasting daily, weekly and monthly wind directions; Jordan Elman networks returned the lowest errors when used for hourly forecasting. The errors were relatively low during training of the models, but shot up upon simulation with new inputs. In addition, a combination of hyperbolic tangent transfer functions for both hidden and output layers returned better results compared to other combinations of transfer functions. In general, wind speeds were more predictable as compared to wind directions, opening up opportunities for further research into building better models for wind direction forecasting.

Artificial Ribonucleases: Oligonucleotides Conjugated with Metal Ion Chelates of Azacrowns

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has many biological roles in cells: it takes part in coding, decoding, regulating and expressing of the genes as well as has the capacity to work as a catalyst in numerous biological reactions. These qualities make RNA an interesting object of various studies. Development of useful tools with which to investigate RNA is a prerequisite for more advanced research in the field. One of such tools may be the artificial ribonucleases, which are oligonucleotide conjugates that sequence-selectively cleave complementary RNA targets. This thesis is aimed at developing new efficient metal-ion-based artificial ribonucleases. On one hand, to solve the challenges related to solid-supported synthesis of metal-ion-binding conjugates of oligonucleotides, and on the other hand, to quantify their ability to cleave various oligoribonucleotide targets in a pre-designed sequence selective manner. In this study several artificial ribonucleases based on cleaving capability of metal ion chelated azacrown moiety were designed and synthesized successfully. The most efficient ribonucleases were the ones with two azacrowns close to the 3´- end of the oligonucleotide strand. Different transition metal ions were introduced into the azacrown moiety and among them, the Zn2+ ion was found to be better than Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions.

Fitoplâncton (exceto Chlorophyceae) de um lago artificial urbano no Sul do Brasil

O presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer a composição do fitoplâncton no Lago das Tartarugas, situado no Jardim Botânico da cidade de Porto Alegre, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente, no período de junho de 2007 a maio de 2008, em uma estação em três diferentes níveis de profundidade, na zona pelágica. Um total de 49 táxons específicos e infraespecíficos pertencentes a sete classes foram registrados. Cyanobacteria apresentou maior número de táxons (35% dos táxons identificados) seguida de Bacillariophyceae (33%) e Euglenophyceae (16,3%). São apresentadas descrições, medidas e ilustrações dos táxons, assim como a distribuição dos mesmos durante o ciclo anual.

Cianobactérias planctônicas de um lago artificial urbano na cidade de Goiânia, GO

Os criatórios de peixe do estado de Goiás são inúmeros e de intensa atividade recreativa. No entanto, estudos sobre as cianobactérias nesses ambientes são escassos, fato preocupante, uma vez que é comum notar-se intensa proliferação do fitoplâncton em pesqueiros, principalmente devido a ações antrópicas. O perigo consiste na formação de florações de espécies potencialmente tóxicas, principalmente de cianobactérias. Este trabalho visa inventariar as espécies planctônicas de cianobactérias ocorrentes em um pesqueiro (lago Jaó - um lago artificial raso) da área municipal de Goiânia (GO) (16º39'13" S-49º13'26" O). As amostragens foram realizadas nos períodos de seca (2003 a 2008) e chuva (2009), quando visualmente era evidente a ocorrência de florações. Foram aferidas variáveis climatológicas, morfométricas e limnológicas. O período de seca foi representativo nos anos amostrados apresentando no máximo 50 mm de precipitação mensal em 2005. Foram registrados 31 táxons de cianobactérias pertencentes aos gêneros Dolichospermum (5 spp.), Aphanocapsa (4 spp.), Microcystis (3 spp.), Pseudanabaena (3 spp.), Radiocystis (2 spp.), Oscillatoria (2 spp.), Bacularia, Coelosphaerium, Cylindrospermopsis, Geitlerinema, Glaucospira, Limnothrix, Pannus, Phormidium, Planktolyngbya, Planktothrix, Sphaerocavum e Synechocystis, esses últimos com uma espécie cada. Nos anos de 2003 a 2005 ocorreu predomínio de florações de espécies de Dolichospermum e em 2006 predominaram espécies de Microcystis, Radiocystis e Aphanocapsa. Das espécies inventariadas neste estudo, 21 são primeiras citações para o estado de Goiás e 13 foram constadas na literatura como potencialmente tóxicas.

Plant height reduction in populations of triticale (X triticosecale Wittmack) by induced mutations and artificial crosses

Induced mutations by gamma radiation (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kR doses) and reciprocal crosses were tested as mechanisms of enhancing genetic variability for plant height in two triticale cultivars, BR4 and EMBRAPA18. The reciprocal crosses and all doses of radiation showed similar increase in genetic amplitude for this trait, being suitable for increasing variability in breeding programs. Genotypes showed different responses as the gamma ray doses were increased, expressing shorter plant height. The decision of using induced mutations or artificial crosses depends on the resources available and the selection method to be used

Automated grading of left ventricular segmental wall motion by an artificial neural network using color kinesis images

The present study describes an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of left ventricular (LV) segmental wall motion (WM) abnormalities based on color-coded echocardiographic WM images. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed and validated for grading LV segmental WM using data from color kinesis (CK) images, a technique developed to display the timing and magnitude of global and regional WM in real time. We evaluated 21 normal subjects and 20 patients with LVWM abnormalities revealed by two-dimensional echocardiography. CK images were obtained in two sets of viewing planes. A method was developed to analyze CK images, providing quantitation of fractional area change in each of the 16 LV segments. Two experienced observers analyzed LVWM from two-dimensional images and scored them as: 1) normal, 2) mild hypokinesia, 3) moderate hypokinesia, 4) severe hypokinesia, 5) akinesia, and 6) dyskinesia. Based on expert analysis of 10 normal subjects and 10 patients, we trained a multilayer perceptron ANN using a back-propagation algorithm to provide automated grading of LVWM, and this ANN was then tested in the remaining subjects. Excellent concordance between expert and ANN analysis was shown by ROC curve analysis, with measured area under the curve of 0.975. An excellent correlation was also obtained for global LV segmental WM index by expert and ANN analysis (R² = 0.99). In conclusion, ANN showed high accuracy for automated semi-quantitative grading of WM based on CK images. This technique can be an important aid, improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing inter-observer variability in scoring segmental LVWM.

Artificial reflecting structures based on metamaterials

This thesis studies metamaterial-inspired mirrors which provide the most general control over the amplitude and phase of the reflected wavefront. The goal is to explore practical possibilities in designing fully reflective electromagnetic structures with full control over reflection phase. The first part of the thesis describes a planar focusing metamirror with the focal distance less than the operating wavelength. Its practical applicability from the viewpoint of aberrations when the incident angle deviates from the normal one is verified numerically and experimentally. The results indicate that the proposed focusing metamirror can be efficiently employed in many different applications due to its advantages over other conventional mirrors. In the second part of the thesis a new theoretical concept of reflecting metasurface operation is introduced based on Huygens’ principle. This concept in contrast to known approaches takes into account all the requirements of perfect metamirror operation. The theory shows a route to improve the previously proposed metamirrors through tilting the individual inclusions of the structure at a chosen angle from normal. It is numerically tested and the results demonstrate improvements over the previous design.