图像降噪复原算法及其应用

在图像成像、复制、扫描、传输、显示等过程中，不可避免地要造成图像的降质，如图像模糊、噪声干扰等。而在许多应用领域中，又需要清晰的、高质量的图像，因此，图像复原(如去噪、去模糊等)具有重要的意义。图像复原的目的是对降质图像进行处理，使其恢复成原始图像。它是图像处理、模式识别、机器视觉的基础，因而受到广泛的研究，并在天文学、遥感成像、医学影像等领域获得广泛的应用。图像复原的传统方法主要是进行图像滤波。由于图像的大部分信息存在于图像边缘部分，因此要求图像滤波既能去除图像的模糊和噪声，同时又能保持图像的细节。由于图像细节和噪声在频带上混叠，导致图像的平滑和边缘细节的保持成为一对矛盾。传统的滤波方法难以处理这类问题。近年来发展起来的偏微分方程图像处理技术，为解决图像复原中的这一矛盾提供了新途径。本论文共分五个部分。第一部分给出了图像复原的数学模型并讨论了其发展现状，综述了图像复原问题的规整化理论及方法，阐述了图像复原的基本过程和影响因素。第二部分研究了基于奇异值分解和能量最小原则的图像自适应降噪算法。基于有界变差的能量降噪模型的代数形式，提出了一种自适应图像降噪算法。该算法通过在矩阵范数意义下求能量最小，自适应确定去噪图像重构的奇异值个数。这一算法的特点是将能量最小原则和奇异值分解结合起来，在代数空间中建立了一种自适应的图像降噪算法。与基于压缩比和奇异值分解的降噪方法相比，该算法避免了图像压缩比函数及其拐点的计算。因此求解更加简单。第三部分研究了基于各向异性扩散的图像降噪和抖动消除算法。提出了两种算法，一、提出了一个由各向异性扩散方程定义的非线性图像滤波算子。与Perona，Malik提出的算子类似，该算子能够去除噪声，而且性能稳定，处理后的自然图像看上去清晰而且对比度也得到增强。对于图像抖动产生偏移，二、提出了一种基于各向异性非线性扩散以及抖动估计的抖动消除算法。这种各向异性非线性扩散的模型由两项组成，即扩散项以及强制项。基本思想就是对于边缘点以及光滑区域的点分别进行处理，利用Newton-Raphson算法计算最小化抖动误差，估计出抖动偏移量，从而得到抖动消除之后的图像。第四部分研究了基于四阶偏微分方程和基于高斯曲率的图像降噪算法。针对低阶的非线性偏微分方程进行图像去噪，如总变差、平均曲率流等去噪模型，会产生阶梯效应这一缺陷，即易得到分段常量结果的缺陷，提出了一种基于四阶偏微分方程的图像降噪算法，并给出了实验结果。提出了一种改进的基于高斯曲率和偏微分方程的图像降噪算法。该算法能够得到一个稳态的非平凡解，从而能够避免中止时间的选取。第五部分研究了基于C-V降噪模型的图像半盲复原算法。基于C-V降噪模型，提出了一种图像半盲的复原算法，即假定图像退化的模型已知，如高斯模糊，但是高斯核的方差未知，通过构造能量函数，将能量函数的极小问题转化为一个变分极小问题，由变分原理得到相应的欧拉-拉格朗日方程。这里设计的算法将未知数的个数由Leah Bar模型的三个减少为两个，最后估计出来高斯核的方差比Leah Bar 算法更加接近于真值。

New progress in R&D of lower olefin synthesis

This paper gives a brief review of R&D researches for light olefin synthesis directly and indirectly from synthesis gas in the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP). The first pilot plant test was on methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction and was finished in 1993, which was based on ZSM-5-type catalyst and fixed bed reaction. In the meantime, a new indirect method designated as SDTO (syngas via dimethylether to olefin) was proposed. In this process, metal-acid bifunctional catalyst was applied for synthesis gas to dimethylether(DME) reaction, and modified SAPO-34 catalyst that was synthesized by a new low-cost method with optimal crystal size was used to convert DME to light olefin on a fluidized bed reactor. The pilot plant test on SDTO was performed and finished in 1995. Evaluation of the pilot plant data showed that 190-200 g of DME were yielded by single-pass for each standard cubic meter of synthesis gas. For the second reaction, 1.880 tons of DME or 2.615 tons of methanol produced 1 ton of light olefins, which constitutes of 0.533 ton of ethylene, 0.349 ton of propylene and 0.118 ton of butene. DICP also paid some attention on direct conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins. A semi-pilot plant test (catalyst 1.8 1) was finished in 1995 with a CO conversion > 70% and a C(2)(=)-C(4)(=) olefin selectivity 71-74% in 1000 h. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

D���人格与冠心病患者身心健康的关系

D���人格（指经历消极情感和社交压抑的综合行为模式）作为冠心病的心理危险因素，得到了广泛的关注。本研究在中国人群中首次探索D���人格与冠心病的关系。作者建构了心理、行为、生理、医学相结合的综合研究框架，采用问卷调查法、临床实验法以及访谈法，考察D���人格对冠心病患者身心健康的影响，以及可能的行为和生理机制。结果表明： 1．D���人格量表中文版具有良好的信度和效度。根据消极情感≧10且社交压抑≧10的划分标准，D���人格在我国冠心病人群和健康人群中的分布比例均为31％。 2．A型人格与D���人格的共同点在于消极情感，区别在于D���人格具有特殊的社交压抑结构。我国冠心病患者中A型人格比例（58％）高于健康人群（43％）。 3．A型人格与冠心病的病情（即冠状动脉狭窄程度）、患者的自评身心健康均无关。D���人格与冠心病的病情无关，但D���人格能够独立地预测自评身心健康的下降，并且不依赖于疾病状况（患病或健康）。 4．D���人格患者在应对疾病的过程中，更多地采用屈服，更少地采用面对。疾病应对方式对D���人格与患者自评身心健康的关系起中介作用。 5．在冠状动脉造影的应激条件下，冠心病患者的D���人格总分与应激下心血管反应无关，但男性患者的消极情感、社交压抑能够预测应激下舒张压反应。 此外，本研究的结果具有重要的临床价值，比如采用D���人格量表中文版鉴别高危人群以提高他们的身心健康水平，在进行D���人格干预时要关注行为方式，在对冠心病进行预防和治疗时要注意心理生理反应的性别差异等。

A型、D���人格影响冠心病预后的心理生理机制

Coronary heart disease （CHD���is a common cardiovascular disease in the elderly, is also a typical psychosomatic disease. Personality factors are very important in many psychological factors impacting on the prognosis of patients with CHD. The most influential personality factors to CHD are Type A and Type D personality. The previous research has shown that although Type A personality increased the prevalence of CHD, it cannot predict the development and prognosis after diagnosis. In contradict, Type D personality can predict prognosis. There is still no clinic-based or theory-based answer to the question: Why Type A personality cannot predict the outcome while Type D personality could predict the prognosis independently. The current research conducted a systematic investigation to the above question, which included one comparison study between CHD patients and control group, and four studies on reaction experiment and answered the question: why Type A personality cannot predict whereas Type D personality could effectively predict prognosis of CHD. The findings of the current research were: Type A and Type D personality influence CHD prognosis through different psychological mechanisms: both dimensions of Type D personality have direct influence on social support, whereas neither dimensions of Type A personality related to social support, directly of indirectly. Negative affection component of Type D personality significantly related to anxiety and depression, Social repression significantly related to anxiety but not depression. Both dimensions of Type A personality significantly related to anxiety but not depression. Neither under rest or diaphragmatic breathing conditions, Type A personality had no significant influence on vestibular autonomic reaction among healthy young males. Neither Type A nor Type D personality had significant influence on vestibular autonomic reaction among old CHD patients under rest condition. Type D personality predicted lower sympathetic excitation under rest condition, and lower cardiac vagal tone under diaphragmatic breathing condition among healthy young males. When actively reacted to stimuli (math calculation) under rest condition, Type A personality increased sympathetic excitation among healthy young males. When actively reacted to stimuli (math calculation) under diaphragmatic breathing condition, Type A personality increased cardiac vagal tone among the same group of subjects. When actively reacted to stimuli under neither condition, Type D personality showed no significant influence on vestibular autonomic reaction among young males. When passively reacted to stimuli under neither condition, Type A personality showed no significant influence on vestibular autonomic reaction among young males. When passively stimulated followed rest, Type D personality increased sympathetic excitation and decreased cardiac vagal tone among young males. When passively stimulated followed diaphragmatic breathing, Typed showed no significant influence on vestibular autonomic reaction among young males. The above results indicated that Type A and Type D personalities had different psychological mechanisms to the outcome of CHD treatment: neither dimensions of Type A personality had direct or indirect effects on social support; both dimensions of Type D personality had direct and indirect effects on social support. Negative affection component of Type D personality significantly related to anxiety and depression, Social repression significantly related to anxiety but not depression. Both dimensions of Type A personality significantly related to anxiety but not depression. Social support positively related to the outcome after CHD treatment. The biological mechanisms of Type A and Type B personality to CHD prognosis differed in the following ways: Type A personality increased sympathetic excitation when actively stimulated, but had no influence when passively stimulated among young male subjects. When passively stimulated after rest, Type D personality predicted high sympathetic excitation and low cardiac vagal tone among young males, but not vestibular autonomic reaction among young males. Key words: Type A personality, Type D personality, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Prognosis, Psychobiological Mechanisms