Liikuntaharrastusten luonnonvarojen kulutuksen arviointi MIPS-menetelmällä

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan liikuntaharrastusten luonnonvarojen kulutusta MIPS (material input per service unit, suom. materiaalipanos palvelusuoritetta kohden) -menetelmällä. MIPS-menetelmä perustuu ekotehokkuusajatteluun ja sen tavoitteena on suhteuttaa tuotteen tai palvelun elinkaaren aikainen luonnonvarojen kulutus siitä saatavaan palveluun. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan liikuntaharrastusten materiaalivirtoja erilaisissa liikuntapaikoissa yhden henkilön harrastetuntia kohden. Tarkasteltavia liikuntapaikkoja ovat kevyen liikenteen väylä, kuntorata, liikuntasali ja -halli, jäähalli, uimahalli, kuntokeskus sekä lämmitetty ja lämmittämätön tekonurmikenttä. Tutkielman laskelmat perustuvat pääosin tapaustutkimuksiin suomalaisista liikuntapaikoista. Laskelmissa on huomioitu liikuntapaikalle matkustaminen, liikuntapaikan rakentaminen sekä sen ylläpito ja käyttö. Tarkasteltujen liikuntaharrastusten abioottisten luonnonvarojen kulutus vaihteli 1,7 28 kg:n välillä yhden henkilön harrastetuntia kohden. Abioottisten luonnonvarojen kulutukseen vaikutti eniten liikuntapaikalle matkustaminen. Tarkastelluista liikuntaharrastuksista eniten abioottisia luonnonvaroja ja ilmaa kulutti uimahallissa uiminen. Kuntoradoilla ja kevyen liikenteen väylillä harrastettavien ulkoilulajien MIPS-luvut olivat alhaisimmat. Liikuntaharrastukset erosivat toisistaan eniten veden kulutuksessa, jonka MIPS-luvut vaihtelivat 40 ja 1400 kg:n välillä. Korkein veden MIPS-luku oli jäähallissa tapahtuvalla liikunnalla. Ilman kulutus liikuntaharrastuksissa oli 0,1 6,2 kg harrastetuntia kohden. Tulosten perusteella liikuntaharrastusten luonnonvarojen kulutusta voitaisiin tehokkaimmin vähentää kulkemalla liikuntapaikalle henkilöauton sijaan julkisilla kulkuneuvoilla ja hyödyntämällä lähiympäristön tarjoamia liikuntapaikkoja. Myös liikuntapaikkojen kävijämäärien maksimoiminen on tärkeää harrastetunnille kohdistuvien materiaalivirtojen pienentämiseksi. Tutkielma on toteutettu osana FIN-MIPS Kotitalous tutkimushanketta.

Lost and found: recovery of the holotype of the ocellated angelshark, Squatina tergocellatoides Chen, 1963 (Squatinidae), with comments on western Pacific squatinids

The ocellated angelshark, Squatina tergocellatoides, Chen, 1963 is redescribed from the holotype, which was thought to be lost. Its recent recovery has allowed for a revised description, including new data, and comparison to other Western Pacific squatinids. Squatina tergocellatoides can be distinguished from its congeners by three pairs of prominent large black spots, each with a diameter greater than eye length; two on each pectoral fin at anterior and posterior angles and one on each side near the tail base; another three pairs of lesser defined spots, one large spot on base of each dorsal fin and one located laterally on each side of tail located below first dorsal fin. Ventral surface is uniformly white to cream coloured, and margins of pectoral fins and tail similar in colour to dorsal side. Pectoral fins with angular lateral apices and rounded posterior lobe, pelvic fin tips not reaching origin of first dorsal fin, strongly fringed nasal barbels, small inter-orbital space, head and mouth lengths, broad internarial width and pelvic fin base, a very small pelvic girdle width, and a caudal fin with triangular ventral lobe greater in length than dorsal lobe. Comments on additional specimens are provided, as well as observations on biogeography. A review of western Pacific squatinids is also provided.

Entanglements – activism and technology: Editors' introduction

Past issues of Fibreculture have examined activist philosophies from angles such as social justice and networked organisational forms, communication rights and net neutrality debates, and the push back against precarious new media labour. Our issue extends this work by capturing the complexities associated with the use of technology in activist contexts, and offering insights into how practitioners, scholars, and the makers of digital and networked technologies do and might need to work more collaboratively and pragmatically to address social justice issues.

Infrared studies on the conformation of synthetic alamethicin fragments and model peptides containing .alpha.-aminoisobutyric acid

ABSTRACT: Infrared studies of synthetic alamethicin fragments and model peptides containing a-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) have been carried out in solution. Tripeptides and larger fragments exhibit a strong tendency to form /3 turns, stabilized by 4 - 1 10-atom hydrogen bonds. Dipeptides show less well-defined structures, though C5 and C7 conformations are detectable. Conformational restrictions imposed by Aib residues result in these peptides populating a limited range of states. Integrated intensities of the hydrogen-bonded N-H stretching band can be used to quantitate the number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Predictions made from infrared data are in excellent agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction studies. Assignments of the urethane and tertiary amide carbonyl groups in the free state have been made in model peptides. Shifts to lower frequency on hydrogen bonding are observed for the carbonyl groups. The 1-6 segment of alamethicin is shown to adopt a 310 helical structure stabilized by four intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The fragments Boc-Leu-Aib-Pro-Val-Aib-OMe (1 2-1 6) and Boc-Gly-Leu-Aib-Pro-Val-Aib-OMe (1 1-1 6) possess structures involving 4 - 1 and 5 - 1 hydrogen bonds. Supporting evidence for these structures is obtained from proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies.

Influence of the electric field on the low-temperature thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate/polystyrene propellant

An electric field (100 V/cm at 230°C and 150°C) has been applied to ammonium perchlorate (AP)/polystyrene (PS) propellant mixtures in order to understand the low temperature decomposition behavior of the propellant. The charge-carrying species is anionic in nature at 230°C, which could be ClO4−, but is cationic at 150°C, which could be either NH4+ or H+. These results are parallel to that observed for pure ammonium perchlorate (AP) pellets [1]. The burning rate (Image ) of the propellant was found to follow the same trend as that for the thermal decomposition of the propellant on application of an electric field. At 150°C Image was higher at the −ve electrode than at the +ve electrode, but at 230°C just the opposite was observed. Kinetic studies have confirmed that the decomposition of the orthorhombic AP follows two mechanism corresponding to E = 30 kcal mol−1 (180–230°C) and E = 15 kcal mol−1 (150–180°C).

Enzymatic cleavage of carotenoids

1. 1.|Carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.21) has been isolated from the intestine of guinea pig and rabbit and purified 38- and 30-fold, respectively, but subjecting the intestinal homogenate to protamine sulfate treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and acetone precipitation. 2. 2.|The guinea pig enzyme showed a pH optimum at 8.5, an optimum substrate concentration of 200 nmoles of β,β-carotene per 25 ml of reaction mixture, an apparent Km with β,β-carotene as substrate of 9.5 · 10−6 M and a V 3.3 nmoles of retinal formation/mg protein per h. The reaction was linear upto 3 h and the reaction rate increased linearly with increase in enzyme protein concentration. The enzyme was activated by GSH and Fe2+ and inhibited by sodium dodecylsulfate, sulfhydryl binding and iron chelating agents. 3. 3.|The reaction catalysed by guinea pig enzyme was strictly stoichiometric. 4. 4.|Rabbit enzyme showed a close similarity with guinea pig enzyme with respect to time course, optimum substrate concentration, activation by Fe2+ and GSH, inhibition by sodium dodecylsulfate, iron chelating and sulfhydryl binding agents. However, it showed a slightly lower pH optimum (pH 7.8). 5. 5.|The enzyme from guinea pig and rabbit showed remarkable similarity with respect to cleavage of carotenoids. The enzyme from both the species was more specific for β,β-carotene but could also cleave a number of other carotenoids at the 15,15′-double bond. 6. 6.|10′-Apo-β-carotenal and 10′-apo-β-carotenol were readily cleaved compared with other apo-β-carotenals and apo-β-carotenols tested. 7. 7.|It has been conclusively shown for the first time that mono-ring substituted carotenoids are also cleaved at the 15,15′-double bond.

Simple period timing device for laser Doppler signals

A period timing device suitable for processing laser Doppler anemometer signals has been described here. The important features of this instrument are: it is inexpensive, simple to operate, and easy to fabricate. When the concentration of scattering particles is low the Doppler signal is in the form of a burst and the Doppler frequency is measured by timing the zero crossings of the signal. But the presence of noise calls for the use of validation criterion, and a 5–8 cycles comparison has been used in this instrument. Validation criterion requires the differential count between the 5 and 8 cycles to be multiplied by predetermined numbers that prescribe the accuracy of measurement. By choosing these numbers to be binary numbers, much simplification in circuit design has been accomplished since this permits the use of shift registers for multiplication. Validation accuracies of 1.6%, 3.2%, 6.3%, and 12.5% are possible with this device. The design presented here is for a 16-bit processor and uses TTL components. By substituting Schottky barrier TTLs the clock frequency can be increased from about 10 to 30 MHz resulting in an extension in the range of the instrument. Review of Scientific Instruments is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics.

My Family Biography.

Memoir in four volumes, richly illustrated with photographs, drawings, correspondence, genealogical tables, and newspaper clippings.