La protección civil municipal: análisis de los distintos tipos de gestión y propuesta metodológica de planificación

Mediante la elaboración de esta tesis doctoral se pretende diseñar un sistema para la realización del plan de autoprotección en industrias con riesgo de incendio dentro de un polígono industrial. Para desarrollar esta línea de investigación se realizará una investigación cartográfica así como un reconocimiento visual de las distintas empresas industriales, de actividades heterogéneas, seleccionadas por su emplazamiento y condiciones. Este tipo de industria es esencial en el sistema económico nacional, ya que dota de recursos y servicios al tejido social, además de tener una relación directa con la generación de riqueza y por tanto incide de forma positiva en el empleo de cualquier región. Estas razones y otras son determinantes para fomentar el progreso, si bien nunca a expensas de la seguridad de los empleados que hacen posible la línea de producción así como de los posibles viandantes que transcurran por la zona de impacto en caso de incidentes como por ejemplo un incendio que afecte a cualquiera de los locales y/o empresas que se emplazen en los denominados polígonos industriales. La tesis incluye trabajos experimentales de los que se extraen recomendaciones y conclusiones encaminadas a la optimización de la instrumentalización utilizada, las técnicas de observación, diseño y cálculo necesarias que determinarán el acercamiento al método propuesto para nuestra valoración del riesgo por incendio. Las posibles emergencias que pueden darse a nivel de industrias localizadas en polígonos industriales son diversas y numerosas. De todas ellas se elige abordar el caso de “incendio” por su casuística más numerosa. No obstante, la planificación orientada desde el prisma de la investigación de esta tesis puede estenderse a cualquier otro riesgo, lo que se aportará como líneas futuras de investigación. Las aproximaciones y etapas de los trabajos que forman parte de esta investigación se han integrado en cada capítulo y son las siguientes: En primer lugar un capítulo de Introducción, en el que se realiza una reflexión justificada de la elección del tema tratado, se formula la hipótesis de partida y se enumeran los distintos objetivos que se pretenden alcanzar. En el segundo capítulo, titulado Aspectos de la Protección Civil en la Constitución Española de 1978, se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo de la Constitución en todo lo relacionado con el ámbito de la protección, haciendo especial énfasis en las distintas competencias según el tipo de administración que corresponda en cada caso, así como las obligaciones y deberes que corresponden a los ciudadanos en caso de catástrofe. Así mismo se analizan especialmente los casos de Guerra y el estado de Alarma. En el tercer capítulo, titulado Repuesta de las administraciones públicas ante emergencias colectivas, se trata de formular el adecuado sistema de repuesta que sería preciso para tratar de mitigar desastres y catástrofes. Se analizan los distintos sistemas de gestión de emergencias constatando en cada caso los pros y los contras de cada uno. Se pretende con ello servir de ayuda en la toma de decisiones de manera coherente y racional. El capítulo cuarto, denominado Planes Locales de emergencia. Estudio en las distintas administraciones, se ha pormenorizado en la presentación así como puesta en funcionamiento de los planes, comparando los datos obtenidos entre ellos para concluir en un punto informativo que nos lleva a la realidad de la planificación. Para la realización y desarrollo de los capítulos 5 y 6, llamados Análisis de la Norma Básica de Autoprotección y Métodos de evaluación del riesgo de Incendio, se estudia la normativa actual en autoprotección prestando atención a los antecedentes históricos así como a todas las figuras que intervienen en la misma. Se analizan los distintos métodos actuales para la valoración del riesgo por incendio en industrias. Este aspecto es de carácter imprescindible en la protección civil de los ciudadanos pero también es de especial importancia en las compañías aseguradoras. En el capítulo 7, Propuesta metodológica, se propone y justifica la necesidad de establecer una metodología de estudio para estos casos de riesgo por incendio en industrias para así, acortar el tiempo de respuesta de los servicios de emergencia hasta la zona, así como dotar de información imprescindible sobre el riesgo a trabajadores y transeúntes. El último capítulo se refiere a las Conclusiones, donde se establecen y enuncian una serie de conclusiones y resultados como consecuencia de la investigación desarrollada, para finalizar esta tesis doctoral enunciando posibles desarrollos y líneas de investigación futuros. ABSTRACT The development of this thesis is to design a system for the implementation of the plan of self-protection in industries with risk of fire in an industrial park. To develop this line of research will be done cartographic research as well as visual recognition of the distinct and heterogeneous industrial companies selected by its location and conditions. This type of industry is an essential part in the economic national system providing economic resources to society as well as with a direct relationship in unemployment. For this reason it is crucial to promote their progress, but never at the expense of the security of the employees that make the line of production as well as possible walkers that pass by the area of impact in the event of a fire affecting the company. The thesis includes experimental works which are extracted recommendations and conclusions aimed at optimization of used exploit, techniques of observation, design and calculation needed to determine the approach to the method proposed for our assessment of the risk from fire. The approaches and stages of works that are part of this research have been integrated into each chapter and are as follows: In the first chapter, holder introduction, perform a supporting reflection of the choice of the subject matter, is formulated the hypothesis of departure and listed the different objectives that are intended to achieve. In the second chapter, holder aspects of Civil Protection in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, examines an exhaustive study of the Constitution in everything related to the scope of protection. With an emphasis on individual skills according to the type of management with corresponding in each case, as well as the obligations and duties which correspond to citizens in the event of a catastrophe. Also analyzes the particular cases of war and the State of alarm. In the third chapter, holder public administrations collective emergency response, discussed trafficking in defining the proper system response that would be precise to address disasters and catastrophes. We discusses the different systems of emergency management in each case, we pretend the pros and cons of each. We tried that this serve as decision-making aid coherent and rational way. The fourth chapter is holder Local Emergency Plans (LEP). Study on the different administrations, has detailed in the presentation as well as operation of the LEP, comparing the data between them to conclude in an information point that leads us to the reality of planning. For the realization and development of chapters 5 and 6, holder Analysis of the basic rule of self-protection and fire risk assessment methods, paying attention to the historical background as well as all the figures involved in the same studies with the current rules of self-protection. The current methods for the estimation of the risk are analyzed by fire in industries. This aspect is essential in the civil protection of the citizens, but it is also of special importance for insurance companies. The seventh chapter, holder Methodological proposal, we propose and justifies the need to establish a methodology for these cases of risk by fire in industries. That shorts the response time of emergency services to the area, and provides essential information about the risk to workers and walkers. The last chapter refers to the Conclusions, laying down a series of results as a consequence of the previous chapters to complete billing possible developments and research future.

Analysis of fire behaviour simulations over Spain with WRF-FIRE

Wildland fire spread and behaviour are complex phenomena owing to both the number of involved physico-chemical factors, and the non-linear relationship between variables. Spain is plagued by forest and brush fires every summer, when the extremely dry weather sets in along with high temperatures. The use of fire behaviour models requires the availability of high resolution environmental and fuel data; in the absence of real data, errors on the simulated fire spread can be compounded to affect the spatial and temporal accuracy of predicted data. The effect of input values on the accuracy of WRF-FIRE simulations was evaluated to assess the capabilities of the new system for wildland fire in accurately forecasting fire behaviour. The results confirm that the use of accurate meteorological data and a custom fuel moisture content model is crucial to obtain precise simulations of fire behaviour.

Determinación del riesgo de incendio en una instalación de secado de alperujo = Determination of the risk of fire in an olive-oil mill waste dryer

For the energy valorization of alperujo, residue of the olive oil two phases extraction process, it is necessary to perform a drying process to reduce moisture content from over 60% to less than 10%. In order to reduce primary energy consumption and get an economic return, usually in this kind of drying facilities Gas Turbine CHP is used as a heat source. There have been recently in Spain some fires in this kind of GT-CHP facilities, which have caused high material losses. In some of these fires it has been suggested that the fire was caused by the output of incandescent alperujo in the flue gasesof the drying system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine experimentally and analytically under which operational conditions a process of alperujo self-ignition in the drying process can begin, and determine the actual fire hazard in this type of TG-CHP system. For analytical study, the temperature and initial composition of the combustion gases of the Gas Turbine at the entrance of the drying process was calculated and the gas equilibrium conditions reached in contact with the biomass were calculated and, therefore, the temperature of the biomass during the drying process. Moreover, the layer and dust ignition temperature of alperujo has been experimentally determined, according to EN 50281-2-1: 2000. With these results, the operating conditions of the drying process, in which there are real risk of auto-ignition of alperujo have been established.Para la valorización energética del alperujo, residuo del proceso de extracción en dos fases del aceite de oliva, es necesario realizar un proceso de secado para reducir su contenido de humedad de más del 60% al 10% m/m en b.h. Con el fin de reducir el consumo de energía primaria y obtener una rentabilidad económica, normalmente en este tipo de instalaciones de secado se usa la cogeneración con turbina de gas (TG) como fuente de calor. En España en los últimos años han ocurrido algunos casos de incendio en este tipo de instalaciones de cogeneración, que han supuesto pérdidas materiales muy elevadas. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este trabajo es determinar analítica y experimentalmente las condiciones operativas del secadero bajo las cuales podría comenzar un proceso de autoinflamación del alperujo y determinar el riesgo real de incendio en este tipo de instalaciones. Para el estudio analítico, se ha planteado y validado el modelo matemático que permite calcular la temperatura y la composición de los gases de combustión a la entrada y a la salida del secadero, en función de las curvas características de la TG, de las condiciones atmosféricas, del caudal y del grado de humedad de la biomasa tratada. El modelo permite además calcular la temperatura de bulbo húmedo, que es la máxima temperatura que podría alcanzar la biomasa durante el proceso de secado y determinar la cantidad de biomasa que se puede secar completamente en función del caudal y de las condiciones de entrada de los gases de combustión. Con estos resultados y la temperatura mínima de autoinflamación del alperujo determinada experimentalmente siguiendo la norma EN 50281- 2-1:2000, se demuestra que en un proceso de secado de alperujo en condiciones normales de operación no existe riesgo de autoencendido que pueda dar origen a un incendio.

Social evolution in a new environment: the case of introduced fire ants.

The inadvertent introduction of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta to the United States from South America provides the opportunity to study recent social evolution by comparing social organization in native and introduced populations. We report that several important elements of social organization in multiple-queen nests differ consistently and dramatically between ants in Argentina and the United States. Colonies in Argentina contain relatively few queens and they are close relatives, whereas colonies in the United States contain high numbers of unrelated queens. A corollary of these differences is that workers in the native populations are significantly related to the new queens that they rear in contrast to the zero relatedness between workers and new queens in the introduced populations. The observed differences in queen number and relatedness signal a shift in the breeding biology of the introduced ants that is predicted on the basis of the high population densities in the new range. An additional difference in social organization that we observed, greater proportions of permanently unmated queens in introduced than in native populations, is predicted from the loss of alleles at the sex-determining locus and consequent skewing of operational sex ratios in the colonizing ants. Thus, significant recent social evolution in fire ants is consistent with theoretical expectations based on the altered ecology and population genetics of the introduced populations.

Rapid local synchronization of action potentials: toward computation with coupled integrate-and-fire neurons.

The collective behavior of interconnected spiking nerve cells is investigated. It is shown that a variety of model systems exhibit the same short-time behavior and rapidly converge to (approximately) periodic firing patterns with locally synchronized action potentials. The dynamics of one model can be described by a downhill motion on an abstract energy landscape. Since an energy landscape makes it possible to understand and program computation done by an attractor network, the results will extend our understanding of collective computation from models based on a firing-rate description to biologically more realistic systems with integrate-and-fire neurons.

Development of a Strengths-Based Model for Insurance Automobile, Property, and Casualty Claims Operations

ABSTRACT \ Employers know that to have a successful organization, they must have the right people in the right jobs. But how will they know whom to place where? The development of a model based upon an individual's personality traits and strengths, and how to best use them, is a good place to start. Employees working in positions in which their traits and strengths are maximized enjoy work more, are more efficient, and are less apt to be absent or to look for work elsewhere. It is a mutually beneficial process of selection for both employers and employees. This model illustrates the process in an automobile and property insurance claims operation through utilization of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicators and the StrengthsFinder Profiles.

Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of particleboard containing Oceanic Posidonia waste

In this work, particleboards manufactured with Oceanic Posidonia waste and bonded with cement are investigated. The particleboards are made with 3/1.5/0.5 parts of cement per part of Posidonia waste. The physical properties of bulk density, swelling, surface absorption, and dimensional changes due to relative humidity as well as the mechanical properties of modulus of elasticity, bending strength, surface soundness, perpendicular tensile strength and impact resistance are studied. In terms of the above properties, the best results were obtained for particleboards with high cement content and when the waste “leaves” are treated (crushed) before board fabrication, due to internal changes to the board structure under these conditions. Based on the results of fire tests, the particleboard is non-flammable without any fire-resistant treatment.

Plant regeneration functional groups modulate the response to fire of soil enzyme activities in a Mediterranean shrubland

Soil enzymes are critical to soil nutrient cycling function but knowledge on the factors that control their response to major disturbances such as wildfires remains very limited. We evaluated the effect of fire-related plant functional traits (resprouting and seeding) on the resistance and resilience to fire of two soil enzyme activities involved in phosphorus and carbon cycling (acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase) in a Mediterranean shrublands in SE Spain. Using experimental fires, we compared four types of shrubland microsites: SS (vegetation patches dominated by seeder species), RR (patches dominated by resprouter species), SR (patches co-dominated by seeder and resprouter species), and IP (shrub interpatches). We assessed pre- and post-fire activities of the target soil enzymes, available P, soil organic C, and plant cover dynamics over three years after the fire. Post-fire regeneration functional groups (resprouter, seeder) modulated both pre- and post-fire activity of acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase, with higher activity in RR and SR patches than in SS patches and IP. However, we found no major differences in enzyme resistance and resilience between microsite types, except for a trend towards less resilience in SS patches. Fire similarly reduced the activity of both enzymes. However, acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase showed contrasting post-fire dynamics. While β-glucosidase proved to be rather resilient to fire, fully recovering three years after fire, acid phosphatase showed no signs of recovery in that period. Overall, the results indicate a positive influence of resprouter species on soil enzyme activity that is very resistant to fire. Long-lasting decrease in acid phosphatase activity probably resulted from the combined effect of P availability and post-fire drought. Our results provide insights on how plant functional traits modulate soil biochemical and microbiological response to fire in Mediterranean fire-prone shrublands.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Post Fire Emergency Rehabilitation Treatments on Soil Degradation and Erosion Control in Semi-Arid Mediterranean Areas of the Spanish South East

In this study, we seeded a native plant species and applied a mulch of chopped wood originating from the same burned area to avoid the establishment of invasive species. We evaluated four treatments: (1) seeding, (2) mulch, (3) seeding and mulch, and (4) control. Our objective was to increase plant recovery and to minimize the soil erosion and degradation. The study was conducted in Alicante, Spain in Torremanzanas forest of the semi-arid Mediterranean bioclimatic area after the wildfire of November, 2002. During three years of monitoring, we find that combined treatment: seeding and mulch increased the post fire plant recovery 20% approximately more than the rest of treatments and the control plots. We also found that seven months after treating mulch and seeding and mulch treatments presented a gain of soil: +5.18 to + 5.24 mm while the seeding treatment and control plots presented soil loss rates of: −0.48 to −0.49 mm. In addition, mulch treatment significantly decreased soil compaction to the half, and increased the infiltration capacity to 40 ml.mn−1 more than in plots without mulch, as well as increased the soil respiration to the double compared with no mulch plots. Work in progress confirms the positive effect of chopped wood as mulching treatment with or without seeding on the soil protection against soil erosion, and the amelioration of bio-physical properties after wildfires in the Mediterranean semi-arid burned areas.

Successional stage after land abandonment modulates fire severity and post-fire recovery in a Mediterranean mountain landscape

This study analyses the effect of successional stage after farmland terrace abandonment on post-fire plant recovery in a Mediterranean landscape. Specific objectives of the study were to (1) compare fuel characteristics and fire severity in three successional stages after farmland abandonment – dry grassland, dense shrubland and pine stands; (2) analyse the effect of pre-fire successional stage and fire severity on vegetation recovery and (3) analyse the relative vulnerability (i.e. potential for ecosystem shift and soil degradation) to wildfires of the successional stages. We assessed 30 abandoned terraces (15 unburned and 15 burned), with diverse successional stages, on the Xortà Range (south-east Spain). Post-fire recovery was measured 1, 4 and 7 years after fire. The successional stages varied in aboveground biomass, litter amount, vertical structure and continuity of plant cover, and flammability. Dry grassland showed the lowest fire severity, whereas no differences in severity were found between shrubland and pine stands. One year after fire, plant cover was inversely related to fire severity; this relationship attenuated with time after fire. Post-fire recovery of pine stands and shrubland led in both cases to shrublands, contributing to landscape homogenisation. The pine stands showed the largest changes in composition due to fire and the lowest post-fire plant recovery – a sign of high vulnerability to fire.