Vida y obra de Pere Torroella

"ADVERTIMENT. La versió definitiva d'aquesta tesi doctoral està en premsa a l'editorial Barcino, Col·lecció Els Nostres Clàssics, Barcelona. En la nova versió s'hi han introduit nombroses millores, nous capítols i correccions importants. Es prega que, per a qualsevol citació, s'utilitzi la versió definitiva" Pere de Torroella ingresó en la corte de Juan de Navarra (luego Juan II de Aragón) en 1436, a quien sirvió como escudero y copero tanto en las escaramuzas de Castilla como en la corte de Navarra, donde fue sirviente de Carlos de Aragón, Príncipe de Viana e hijo del rey Juan. A finales de 1450 se trasladó a Nápoles junto don Juan de Aragón, hijo bastardo de Juan de Navarra. Permaneció allí hasta la muerte del rey Alfonso el Magnánimo en 1458. Durante esos años entabló amistad con humanistas como Giovanni Pontano, y ejerció de mayordomo del príncipe bastardo Juan II de Aragón, a quien Pere Torroella sirvió durante toda su vida. A finales de 1450 se trasladó a Nápoles junto don Juan de Aragón, hijo bastardo de Juan de Navarra. Permaneció allí hasta la muerte del rey Alfonso el Magnánimo en 1458. Durante esos años entabló amistad con humanistas como Giovanni Pontano, y ejerció de mayordomo del príncipe bastardo. En 1458, tras la muerte del rey Alfonso y el ascenso al trono de su hermano Juan, Pere Torroella se trasladó a Zaragoza y Barcelona como emisario de Carlos de Viana, a quien sirvió hasta su muerte, en 1461. Un año después, en 1462, estalló la guerra civil catalana (que enfrentó a la Generalitat de Catalunya y a la monarquía aragonesa), y Torroella luchó en los primeros años junto a los rebeldes. En 1464 se pasó al bando real, al que permaneció fiel hasta el final de la guerra, en 1472. Desde 1472 hasta su muerte (acaecida seguramente en 1492), Pere Torroella ejerció de consejero del rey Juan II en Barcelona, pero tras la muerte del rey en 1479 se retiró a sus dominios en el Ampurdán, donde murió. Pere Torroella es autor de obra en catalán y en castellano. En la primera lengua compuso lais, canciones al estilo de Ausiàs March, un soneto (el primero documentado en lengua catalana) y un ambicioso poema colectivo que empieza con el verso Tant mon voler. En castellano, es autor de decires amorosos, canciones y esparzas. También mantuvo un intenso intercambio epistolar con influyentes personalidades de las cortes aragonesas, como Francesc Ferrer, Hugo de Urríes, Bernat Hug de Rocabertí y Pedro de Urrea. Compuso, finalmente, varias composiciones en prosa de alto interés histórico y literario, como la Complanta por la muerte de Inés de Clèves (1448), la Consolatoria por la muerte de mosén Martín de Ansa (1451) y el Razonamiento en defensión de las donas, donde el autor se excusa por haber compuesto las famosas coplas de Maldezir de mugeres. Torroella fue una figura central en las cortes aragonesas de la época, y su obra literaria alcanzó gran difusión y estima entre los hombres de su siglo, como muestran sus epistolarios y los autores que decidieron imitar sus versos. Fue, por otro lado, un poeta sensible a las novedades líricas del momento. Asimiló los aspectos más superficiales de la poesía de Ausiàs March, conoció y admiró los versos de Petrarca, leyó con fruición la lírica francesa (y especialmente Oton de Grandson y Guillaume de Machaut), e imitó con destreza las poesía musical de Jordi de Sant Jordi y Martí Garcia. No siempre su gran cultura se vio reflejada en la calidad de sus obras, que presentan, sin embargo, un indudable interés para la historia de la literatura.

A importância da intervenção precoce para as crianças com autismo na perspectiva dos educadores e professores de educação especial

Este projecto avaliou a importância da Intervenção Precoce em crianças com Autismo e a sua contribuição para o seu desenvolvimento e inclusão. Além de profissionais especializados contribuírem para o desenvolvimento destas crianças, a família assume um papel importante. É desta forma que a Intervenção Precoce deve actuar, centrada na família. Com este projecto pretendeu-se demonstrar a realidade das crianças com Autismo e avaliar a importância da Intervenção Precoce nestas crianças, bem como a perspectiva dos Educadores e Professores de Educação Especial. Definiu-se assim, no Enquadramento Teórico, uma abordagem à Educação Inclusiva, ao Autismo e à Intervenção Precoce. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, a do Enquadramento Empírico, apresentou-se a metodologia (metodologia quantitativa), os instrumentos utilizados na recolha dos dados (Inquérito por Questionário), a caracterização do meio e da amostra (Educadores e Professores de Educação Especial). A última parte disse respeito à recolha, análise e discussão dos resultados. Assim sendo, confirmou-se que a Intervenção Precoce é um veículo de estimulação para o desenvolvimento das crianças com Autismo promovendo a inclusão destas crianças nas escolas do ensino regular.

Valuable resources for parents of hearing-impaired children (ages: birth - 5 years)

This paper presents basic and immediate resources for parents with hearing impaired children between the ages of birth and five years. Resources include those dealing with educational options, basic literature, government resources, legal rights, parent advocacy issues and financial aid.

Immunohistochemistry of synergistic effects of kanamycin and furosemide in the murine model

Adult CBA/CaJ mice were injected with large single dose of both kanamycin and furosemide in order to study hair cell lesion and macrophage recruitment within the cochlea.

El viaje a Camelot de Bartolomé de las Casas (Estudios)

La autora lee la Brevísima, de Bartolomé de las Casas, en el contexto del auge del imaginario caballeresco en el siglo XVI español, propiciado por las empresas de la Conquista y la Colonia, y que alcanzó igualmente a las gestas religiosas. Estudia este reflejo caballeresco –ensombrecido tal vez por el dramatismo y la violencia de lo narrado, entre otras razones–, empezando por la promesa lascasiana de ennoblecer a campesinos pacíficos a cambio de que colonizaran con justicia, resalta el carácter cortés y pacífico de los indios, así como de sus valores de tinte caballeresco («lo mismo los varones que las mujeres, muertas antes que entregar su honra o faltar a sus esposos», destaca su respeto a la jerarquía, natural o adquirida, y a las responsabilidades de cada cual, incluidas las del buen rey, que protege a sus vasallos y defiende los límites de su territorio), incluso distingue su delicadeza corporal como signo de nobleza. El patrón narrativo de la Brevísima es similar al de muchas obras de la tradición caballeresca. Utiliza todos estos elementos en un retrato civilizado de los indios, presentados viviendo en sociedad y según las virtudes cristianas antes de la llegada de los españoles, en un equilibrio que sería amenazado por los afanes desmedidos de los conquistadores.

LC-MS & DFT investigations of Cryptolepis sanginolenta root extracts

The roots of Crytolepis sanguinolenta, a medicinally important ethanobotanical source of the antimalarial cryptolepine, were soxhlet extracted in anaerobic conditions, using hexane then ethanol. Samples of each extract were fractioned using flash chromatography and preparative TLC and compound identity was established using gradient HPLC-positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry. The use of argon depressed the formation of quindoline and hydroxycrytolepine. In addition to known compounds such as cryptolepine, several as yet unidentified compounds remain to be characterised in this root extract.

In the intersection of the angles of a table, there is more truth than in all the tangle of muscles: Futurism as anti-humanist critique

The recent celebrations of the centenary of the publication of the Futurist manifesto led to a renewed discussion of the ideas and artworks of the Italian artists’ group. Jacques Rancière related the Futurist ethos with the modernist project of liberating art from representation. Franco ‘Bifo’ Berardi, in his post-Futurist manifesto, also identified a historical irony at play in the emptying out of Futurism’s promise: a liberated mechanical humanity did indeed materialize, in a global economic system premised on financial servitude to the future via debt. However, these models continue to assess Futurism against an unchallenged humanism, finding it either supporting ideals of freedom and human rights despite itself, or else lacking in these areas. But Futurism is potentially more relevant than ever not in spite of its anti-humanist agenda, precisely because of it. Tom McCarthy annexes not Futurist art but Futurist writing to an emerging object oriented ontology that seeks to challenge the primacy of the human. If Futurism is to be repurposed as a critical concept, it can only do so by countering the humanist myth the liberal subject that underlies the current cultural and political hegemony of neo-liberalism.

Salt-induced hydrogelation of functionalised-dipeptides at high pH

Addition of divalent cations to a solution of a naphthalene-diphenylalanine that forms worm-like micelles at high pH results in the formation of a rigid, self-supporting hydrogel

Assessment of evaluations made to healthy eating policies in Europe: a review within the EATWELL Project

Objective: To identify and assess healthy eating policies at national level which have been evaluated in terms of their impact on awareness of healthy eating, food consumption, health outcome or cost/benefit. Design: Review of policy documents and their evaluations when available. Setting: European Member States. Subjects: One hundred and twenty-one policy documents revised, 107 retained. Results: Of the 107 selected interventions, twenty-two had been evaluated for their impact on awareness or knowledge and twenty-seven for their impact on consumption. Furthermore sixteen interventions provided an evaluation of health impact, while three actions specifically measured any cost/benefit ratio. The indicators used in these evaluations were in most cases not comparable. Evaluation was more often found for public information campaigns, regulation of meals at schools/canteens and nutrition education programmes. Conclusions: The study highlights the need not only to develop harmonized and verifiable procedures but also indicators for measuring effectiveness and success and for comparing between interventions and countries. EU policies are recommended to provide a set of indicators that may be measured consistently and regularly in all countries. Furthermore, public information campaigns should be accompanied by other interventions, as evaluations may show an impact on awareness and intention, but rarely on consumption patterns and health outcome.

Expression-system-dependent modulation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein antigenicity and immunogenicity.

Recombinant expression systems differ in the type of glycosylation they impart on expressed antigens such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins, potentially affecting their biological properties. We performed head-to-head antigenic, immunogenic and molecular profiling of two distantly related Env surface (gp120) antigens produced in different systems: (a) mammalian (293 FreeStyle cells; 293F) cells in the presence of kifunensine, which impart only high-mannose glycans; (b) insect cells (Spodoptera frugiperda, Sf9), which confer mainly paucimannosidic glycans; (c) Sf9 cells recombinant for mammalian glycosylation enzymes (Sf9 Mimic), which impart high-mannose, hybrid and complex glycans without sialic acid; and (d) 293F cells, which impart high-mannose, hybrid and complex glycans with sialic acid. Molecular models revealed a significant difference in gp120 glycan coverage between the Sf9-derived and wild-type mammalian-cell-derived material that is predicted to affect ligand binding sites proximal to glycans. Modeling of solvent-exposed surface electrostatic potentials showed that sialic acid imparts a significant negative surface charge that may influence gp120 antigenicity and immunogenicity. Gp120 expressed in systems that do not incorporate sialic acid displayed increased ligand binding to the CD4 binding and CD4-induced sites compared to those expressed in the system that do, and imparted other more subtle differences in antigenicity in a gp120 subtype-specific manner. Non-sialic-acid-containing gp120 was significantly more immunogenic than the sialylated version when administered in two different adjuvants, and induced higher titers of antibodies competing for CD4 binding site ligand-gp120 interaction. These findings suggest that non-sialic-acid-imparting systems yield gp120 immunogens with modified antigenic and immunogenic properties, considerations that should be considered when selecting expression systems for glycosylated antigens to be used for structure-function studies and for vaccine use.