A new stepwise carbon cycle data assimilation system using multiple data streams to constrain the simulated land surface carbon cycle

Acknowledgements. This work was mainly funded by the EU FP7 CARBONES project (contracts FP7-SPACE-2009-1-242316), with also a small contribution from GEOCARBON project (ENV.2011.4.1.1-1-283080). This work used eddy covariance data acquired by the FLUXNET community and in particular by the following networks: AmeriFlux (U.S. Department of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Carbon Program; DE-FG02-04ER63917 and DE-FG02-04ER63911), AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada (supported by CFCAS, NSERC, BIOCAP, Environment Canada, and NRCan), GreenGrass, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux, TCOS-Siberia, USCCC. We acknowledge the financial support to the eddy covariance data harmonization provided by CarboEuropeIP, FAO-GTOS-TCO, iLEAPS, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, National Science Foundation, University of Tuscia, Université Laval and Environment Canada and US Department of Energy and the database development and technical support from Berkeley Water Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Microsoft Research eScience, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, University of Virginia. Philippe Ciais acknowledges support from the European Research Council through Synergy grant ERC-2013-SyG-610028 “IMBALANCE-P”. The authors wish to thank M. Jung for providing access to the GPP MTE data, which were downloaded from the GEOCARBON data portal (https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/geodb/projects/Data.php). The authors are also grateful to computing support and resources provided at LSCE and to the overall ORCHIDEE project that coordinate the development of the code (http://labex.ipsl.fr/orchidee/index.php/about-the-team).

Professor, alunos, mais do que uma relação pedagógica

Este relatório de Mestrado diz respeito à componente da Pratica de Ensino Supervisionada do Mestrado do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, e é composto por duas partes: Na primeira parte, componente reflexiva, apresento as experiencias e aprendizagens por mim vividas em contexto de sala de aula, no que à relação professor-aluno diz respeito. Referindo a importância das reflexões semanais e a dimensão afetiva que é na minha opinião, uma ferramenta determinante no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Destaquei por isso as características do professor, com especial enfoque nos estilos e estratégias do mesmo, evidenciando os caminhos que facilitam as aprendizagens, em especial o dos afetos. Na segunda parte referente à componente investigativa, realizei uma investigação para perceber como se pode desenvolver a visualização espacial em alunos do 3.º ano de escolaridade. Este estudo pretende perceber de que forma os materiais didáticos podem ou não potencializar o desenvolvimento da visualização espacial, e quais as estratégias e dificuldades apresentadas pelos alunos em tarefas que promovem o desenvolvimento da visualização espacial. A parte investigativa está estruturada em seis capítulos. No primeiro capítulo apresento os objetivos do estudo e as questões de investigação, faço ainda referência à motivação, à pertinência e organização do estudo. No capítulo seguinte, podemos encontrar o enquadramento teórico que incide sobre o ensino da geometria nos primeiros anos de escolaridade e o conceito de sentido espacial. O terceiro capítulo refere-se à metodologia adotada, o trabalho realizado seguiu uma abordagem qualitativa, com o paradigma interpretativo e design de estudo de caso. No quarto capítulo apresento a sequência de tarefas implementadas no âmbito da proposta pedagógica. O quinto capítulo debruça-se sobre às produções dos alunos e ao percurso realizado desde o pré-teste até ao pós-teste. No último capítulo, refiro as conclusões principais, e respondo às questões da investigação, destaco ainda, limitações e recomendações deste trabalho. Termino com uma reflexão final do trajeto percorrido nesta investigação.

Nanotechnology in the food industry I: applications

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that is having a boom today, providing new products with attractive physicochemical properties for many applications. In agri/feed/food sector, nanotechnology offers great opportunities for obtaining products and innovative applications for agriculture and livestock, water treatment and the production, processing, storage and packaging of food. To this end, a wide variety of nanomaterials, ranging from metals and inorganic metal oxides to organic nanomaterials carrying bioactive ingredients are applied. This review shows an overview of current and future applications of nanotechnology in the food industry. Food additives and materials in contact with food are now the main applications, while it is expected that in the future are in the field of nano-encapsulated and nanocomposites in applications as novel foods, additives, biocides, pesticides and materials food contact.

Nanotechnology in food industry II: risk assessment and legislation

Currently, there is increasing use of nanomaterials in the food industry thanks to the many advantages offered and make the products that contain them more competitive in the market. Their physicochemical properties often differ from those of bulk materials, which require specialized risk assessment. This should cover the risks to the health of workers and consumers as well as possible environmental risks. The risk assessment methods must go updating due to more widespread use of nanomaterials, especially now that are making their way down to consumer products. Today there is no specific legislation for nanomaterials, but there are several european dispositions and regulations that include them. This review gives an overview of the risk assessment and the existing current legislation regarding the use of nanotechnology in the food industry.

The expansion of soybean cultivation in Campeche, México: Problematic and perspectives

The soybean is the grain in which greater food dependency has Mexico, reason why as of 2008, the government has promoted his culture, granting excellent subsidies, as much to producers as to buyers of the grain, thus contributing to a recent process of expansion in certain states, as it happens in Campeche. The objetive of this article is the analysis of the characteristics and effects of those supports, as well as of the rest of factors that until today they have taken to the producers of the mentioned state to initiate or to expand the cultivation of the soybean. The findings of the investigation reveal that although the producers have improved their levels of income, the process is vulnerable, as it depends on variables like the governmental supports, the international prices of the soybean and exchange rate. Although the study of the negative effects of genetically modified soybeans (GM) in other areas (environment, biodiversity, deforestation, human and animal health) is not the purpose of this investigation, some information will be provided, as on the conflict between soybean producers and beekeepers in the state of Campeche.

The Southern Ocean and South Pacific Region

The Region comprises three sub-regions (FAO Statistical Areas) with very different characteristics. The South Pacific includes the vast and virtually unpopulated Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic. It has the world’s largest fisheries off Peru and Chile and some of the world’s best managed fisheries in Australia and New Zealand. The Region has over 27% of the world’s ocean area and over 98% of the Region’s total area of 91 million km2 is ‘open ocean’. The Region contains less than 5% of the global continental shelf area and only a fraction of this area is covered by three large marine ecosystems (the New Zealand Shelf, the Humboldt Current and the Antarctic large marine ecosystems (LMEs). The Humboldt Current System (HCS) is the world’s largest upwelling which provides nutrients for the world’s largest fisheries. The Region also has a high number of seamounts. The marine capture fisheries of the Region produce over 13 million tons annually and an expanding aquaculture industry produces over 1.5 million tons. Peru’s anchoveta fishery provides about half the world’s supply of fish meal and oil, key ingredients of animal and fish feeds. El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSOs), known more generally as El Niños, can substantially change the species composition of the key small pelagic catches (anchovy, sardine, horse mackerel and jack mackerel) causing production to fluctuate from about 4-8 million tons. Partly due to the lack of upwelling and shelf areas, fisheries production in the Southern Ocean and Area 81 is relatively small but supports economically important commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture in New Zealand and in New South Wales (Australia). Krill remains a major underexploited resource, but is also a keystone species in the Antarctic food web. The Region is home to numerous endangered species of whales, seals and seabirds and has a high number of seamounts, vulnerable ecosystems fished for high-value species such as orange roughy.

The Southern Ocean and South Pacific Region

The Region comprises three sub-regions (FAO Statistical Areas) with very different characteristics. The South Pacific includes the vast and virtually unpopulated Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic. It has the world’s largest fisheries off Peru and Chile and some of the world’s best managed fisheries in Australia and New Zealand. The Region has over 27% of the world’s ocean area and over 98% of the Region’s total area of 91 million km2 is ‘open ocean’. The Region contains less than 5% of the global continental shelf area and only a fraction of this area is covered by three large marine ecosystems (the New Zealand Shelf, the Humboldt Current and the Antarctic large marine ecosystems (LMEs). The Humboldt Current System (HCS) is the world’s largest upwelling which provides nutrients for the world’s largest fisheries. The Region also has a high number of seamounts. The marine capture fisheries of the Region produce over 13 million tons annually and an expanding aquaculture industry produces over 1.5 million tons. Peru’s anchoveta fishery provides about half the world’s supply of fish meal and oil, key ingredients of animal and fish feeds. El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSOs), known more generally as El Niños, can substantially change the species composition of the key small pelagic catches (anchovy, sardine, horse mackerel and jack mackerel) causing production to fluctuate from about 4-8 million tons. Partly due to the lack of upwelling and shelf areas, fisheries production in the Southern Ocean and Area 81 is relatively small but supports economically important commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture in New Zealand and in New South Wales (Australia). Krill remains a major underexploited resource, but is also a keystone species in the Antarctic food web. The Region is home to numerous endangered species of whales, seals and seabirds and has a high number of seamounts, vulnerable ecosystems fished for high-value species such as orange roughy.

Modelos de modernización para el desarrollismo: el influjo de las propuestas estadounidenses en el Servicio de Extensión Agraria (1955-1975)

Con este trabajo nos proponemos estudiar las políticas agrarias del franquismo y particularmente la creación y actuación del Servicio de Extensión Agraria (1955) en el contexto de la difusión de la Teoría de la Modernización. Comenzaremos con una contextualización de las relaciones culturales entre España y los EE.UU. y su potencial proyección sobre el ámbito rural. A continuación, prestaremos atención a la impronta del modelo extensionista norteamericano en la organización y metodología del Servicio de Extensión Agraria. Sin perder de vista la importancia de la escala estatal para la implementación y adaptación de las distintas políticas agrarias, atenderemos al contexto político e ideológico internacional como elemento que permite ampliar la comprensión y estudio de dichas políticas. En ese sentido, propondremos finalmente una primera aproximación comparativa al estudio del SEA en relación con diferentes experiencias de extensionismo agrario en Latinoamérica.

La Seguridad Energética y la Estrategia Global de Seguridad de la Unión Europea

El presente artículo plantea una definición ampliada del concepto de seguridad energética, yendo más allá del concepto clásico establecido por la Agencia Internacional de la Energía, incorporando cuestiones relativas a la eficiencia energética, la aceptabilidad del modelo energético y los retos que impone el cambio climático, pero sin perder de perspectiva las exigencias y las dinámicas competitivas económicas globales. Sobre la base de este concepto ampliado, se examina la evolución de la seguridad energética en el marco de la Unión Europea, con una atención particular a cómo se concibe la seguridad energética en la Estrategia Global de Seguridad de 2016.

Analyzing Gene Centres with the Help of the Checklist Method – the Case of Syria

The present survey of species diversity of cultivated plants is the first for Syria. Some cultivated species will be added in the future, because due to the civil war in Syria, it was not possible to visit the country in the frame of the present work, as initially planned. Checklists proved to be a useful tool for overviewing the cultivated plants of selected areas and allow a characterization of the state of plant genetic resources of Syria. Syria has experienced several civilizations. Man settled in this productive land since ancient times and used its resources. However, such use has led to changes in vegetation and decline of wildlife through the country, in seashore areas, interior, mountains, and grassland. Plant domestication and growing started more than 10,000 years ago in West Asia. Since then, plentiful of economic plant species were present and used by man and his domesticated animals. Forming a part of the Fertile Crescent, where many of the world’s agricultural plants have evolved, Syria is extremely rich in agrobiodiversity. Wild progenitors of wheat and barley and wild relatives of many fruit trees such as almonds and pistachio as well as forage species are still found in marginal lands and less disturbed areas. These are threatened by a wide range of human activities, notably modern, extensive agriculture, overgrazing, overcutting and urban expansion. Syria is also considered as part of one of the main centres of origin, according to Vavilov, who had collected in Syria in 1926. The first expeditions to crop fields showed the exclusive nature of cultivated plants in Syria with a high number of endemic forms. Furthermore, Syria is a part of a biodiversity hotspot. Several studies have been performed to study agrobiodiversity in different parts of Syria, but usually on wild species. Many collections have been carried out; however, they focussed preferably on cereals and pulses, and particularly on wheat, like Vavilov’s expedition. Only 30 crops make up the major part of the conserved Syrian crop plant material in the genebank, indicating that most of the remaining 7,000 species of cultivated plants and many other valuable genetic resources species have only been included on a limited scale in the genebank collections. Although a small country (185,180 km2), Syria accommodates numerous ecosystems that allow for a large diversity of plant genetic resources for agriculture ranging from cold-requiring to subtropical crops to live and thrive. Only few references are available in this respect. The aim of the present study was to complete a checklist of Syria’s cultivated plants of agriculture and horticulture excluding plants only grown as ornamental or for forestry. Furthermore, plants taken for reforestation have not been included, if they do not have also agricultural or horticultural uses. Therefore, the inclusion of plants into the checklist follows the same principles as “Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia”. Main sources of information were published literature, floras of Syria, Lebanon and the Mediterranean, as well as Syrian printed sources in Arabic and/or English, reports from FAO on agricultural statistics in Syria, and data from ICARDA and Bioversity International. In addition, personal observations gathered during professional work in the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR) in Syria (since 1989) and participation in projects were taken into account. These were: (1) A project on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Dry Land Agrobiodiversity in the Near East” with participation of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the Palestinian Authority, focussing on landraces and wild relatives of barley, wheat, lentil, alliums, feed legumes, and fruit trees (1999–2005). (2) A project for vegetable landraces (1993–1995) in collaboration with the former International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and the UN Development Programme, in which 380 local vegetable accessions were evaluated. For medicinal plants and fruit trees I was in personal contact with departments of GCSAR and the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, as well as with private organizations. The resulting checklist was compared with the catalogues of crop plants of Italy and a checklist of cultivated plants of Iraq. The cultivated plant species are presented in alphabetical order according to their accepted scientific names. Each entry consists of a nomenclatural part, folk names, details of plant uses, the distribution in Syria (by provinces), a textual description, and references to literature. In total, 262 species belonging to 146 genera and 57 families were identified. Within-species (intraspecific) diversity is a significant measure of the biodiversity. Intraspecific diversity for wild plants has been and remains to be well studied, but for crop plants there are only few results. Mansfeld’s method is an actual logical contribution to such studies. Among the families, the following have the highest number of crop species: Leguminosae (34 spp.), Rosaceae (24), Gramineae (18), Labiatae (18), Compositae (14), Cruciferae (14), Cucurbitaceae (11), Rutaceae (10), Malvaceae (9), Alliaceae (7), and Anacardiaceae (7). The establishment of an effective programme for the maintenance of plant genetic resources in Syria started in the mid-1970s. This programme considered ex situ and in situ collection of the genetic resources of various field crops, fruit trees and vegetables. From a plant genetic resources viewpoint, it is clear that the homegarden is an important location for the cultivation of so-called neglected and underutilized species (neglected from a research side and underutilized from a larger economic side). Such species have so far not received much care from ecologists, botanists and agronomists, and they are considerably under-represented in genebanks.

Productividad de los suelos pampeanos para el cultivo de trigo

La productividad de los suelos determina su capacidad de producir biomasa y es importante entenderla y cuantificarla ya que regula el rendimiento. El objetivo general fue determinar la productividad de los suelos con respecto al cultivo de trigo ya que su distribución espacio-temporal ubicua permite analizar los amplios gradientes biofísicos pampeanos. La información de rendimiento de trigo de 165 partidos, correspondiente al período 1967-2006, fue asociada a variables biofísicas y de manejo que tuvieron que ser agregadas espacialmente a este nivel de análisis. Se generaron 1440 mapas climáticos de interpolación y se modelizaron en profundidad 7 variables de 1000 perfiles de suelo. La información se modelizó por diferentes estrategias. El mejor modelo explicativo del rendimiento se obtuvo usando una red neuronal artificial (RNA) (R2 igual a 0,641; P igual a 0,05) que permitió establecer que el carbono orgánico y la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua útil de los suelos y su interacción regulan el rendimiento alcanzando un óptimo en los niveles medios-altos de ambas variables. También se utilizó esta RNA como herramienta para generar un índice de productividad de suelos que mostró una performance muy superior (R2 = 0,728; P igual a 0,05) a la metodología de la FAO usada en Argentina hasta el momento (R2 igual a 0,433; P igual a 0,05). Con una función de frontera estocástica se estimó el rendimiento máximo alcanzado en diferentes áreas de la Región Pampeana. Adicionalmente se calculó la brecha de rendimiento que caracteriza espacialmente áreas productivas con respecto a valores medios de potencial de producción. Esta brecha está determinada por las dos mismas variables edáficas que definen la productividad con un mínimo cercano a la combinación donde se registra la máxima productividad. La brecha de productividad fue mayor en la Región Semiárida Pampeana y la Pampa Mesopotámica por lo que los esfuerzos para achicarla deberían concentrarse allí.

Resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation

In 2014, the Third International Conference on the resilience of social-ecological systems chose the theme “resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation.” The conference aimed specifically at fostering an encounter between the experiences and thinking focused on the issue of resilience through a social and ecological system perspective, and the experiences focused on the issue of resilience through a development perspective. In this perspectives piece, we reflect on the outcomes of the meeting and document the differences and similarities between the two perspectives as discussed during the conference, and identify bridging questions designed to guide future interactions. After the conference, we read the documents (abstracts, PowerPoints) that were prepared and left in the conference database by the participants (about 600 contributions), and searched the web for associated items, such as videos, blogs, and tweets from the conference participants. All of these documents were assessed through one lens: what do they say about resilience and development? Once the perspectives were established, we examined different themes that were significantly addressed during the conference. Our analysis paves the way for new collective developments on a set of issues: (1) Who declares/assign/cares for the resilience of what, of whom? (2) What are the models of transformations and how do they combine the respective role of agency and structure? (3) What are the combinations of measurement and assessment processes? (4) At what scale should resilience be studied? Social transformations and scientific approaches are coconstructed. For the last decades, development has been conceived as a modernization process supported by scientific rationality and technical expertise. The definition of a new perspective on development goes with a negotiation on a new scientific approach. Resilience is presently at the center of this negotiation on a new science for development.

Diagnóstico de la calidad microbiológica del agua durante un ciclo de cultivo de camarón marino del grupo de cooperativas del sector El Zompopero, Bahía de Jiquilisco, Usulután

La producción global de la acuicultura está creciendo sustancialmente y aporta cada vez mayores volúmenes de alimento de origen acuático que es demandado para el consumo humano y la actual tendencia se mantendrá por mucho tiempo por su aporte proteico y fácil preparación culinaria. El crecimiento de la acuicultura tiene el potencial de satisfacer las necesidades de alimentos y contribuir a la disponibilidad, seguridad alimentaria, la reducción de la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible y esto es ampliamente reconocido para cumplir con el Desarrollo de los Objetivos del Milenio (FAO, 2007). La acuicultura es un sector muy diverso y está caracterizada por incluir muchos y diferentes sistemas, sitios, prácticas, procesos y productos. También hay una amplia variedad de condiciones políticas, sociales, económicas y ambientales en las cuales se desarrolla. En la medida que ésta crece, adquiere especial importancia por los posibles impactos negativos que provocan sobre el ambiente, las comunidades locales y los consumidores. El entorno y la acción antropogénica en la que se realiza en otras zonas conectadas geográficamente también influyen de manera determinante con variables ambientales que tienen alta incidencia en los rendimientos de la producción.

Length-weight relationship of benthic bivalves of the Andoni Flats, Niger Delta, Nigeria

The length weight relationship of three benthic bivalves namely, Senilia (= Anadara) senilis (bloody cockle), Tagelus adansonii (knife clam), Tellina nymphalis (soft shell clam) from the Andoni Flats were determined. The bivalves which are of ecological importance were obtained from the intertidal areas of the Andoni Flats. Shell lengths of the bivalves were measured and corresponding dry weight measurements were also taken. The data obtained were then subjected to regression analysis using the FAO-ICLARM Fish Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT). The length weight relationships obtained from the FiSAT analysis indicated isometric growth for Senilia (= Anadara) senilis, with slope (b) value of 2.942; positive allometric growth for Tagelus adansonii, with a ‘b’ value of 3.395 and negative allometric growth for Tellina nymphalis with ‘b’ value of 2.633. KEYWORDS: bivalves, length-weight, isometric growth, allometric growth, cockle, clam.

Evaluación del potencial agroecoturistico en el área protegida Reserva Recursos Genéticos Apacunca, Somotillo – Villa Nueva, Departamento de Chinandega

La Facultad de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (FARENA) en conjunto con el proyecto UNA-FAGRO-DEPARTIR/Organización Mundial para la Salud y Seguridad Alimentaría (FAO), consideraron como objetivo principal evaluar el potencial ecoturístico de la Reserva de Recursos Genéticos Apacunca (RRGA) de Somotillo - Villa Nueva, departamento de Chinandega. El proceso metodológico para llevar a cabo el estudio se desarrolló en tres fases; se llevaron a cabo tres visitas de campo para recabar la información requerida a través del Diagnóstico Rural Participativo y consultivo; se realizaron dos recorridos por sitios pre definidos y se aplicaron entrevistas a comunitarios, guardabosques, funcionarios del MARENA y agentes de tour operadores. Los comunitarios muestran interés por la implementación de paquetes ecoturísticos; cuentan con capacidades básicas para albergar turistas; producen variedad de comida típica del lugar; en Villa Nueva se realizan fiestas patronales, carreras de caballos y peleas de gallo; existen la fabricación de orfebrería y el proceso de la apicultura. Se encuentra una variedad de especies de fauna específicamente en aves migratorias y reptiles, se encuentra un pequeño remanente del maíz primitivo, por el cual se debe el nombre de la categoría de manejo del área protegida; hacen uso de especies de curcubitaceae silvestre para alimentación; y se emplea la medicina natural. Las capacidades de los pobladores son pocas pero tienen una gran iniciativa e interés para capacitarse y poder brindar atención a los visitantes del área. El camino es transitable en todo tiempo, se cuenta con agua potable, casa base y escuelas, existen instituciones y organismos internacionales que tienen alguna incidencia sobre la zona; en la ciudad de Villa Nueva se encuentran la minería artesanal donde se obtiene oro, la fabricación de utensilios de barro y la comida típica (cosa de horno). Las tours operadoras de Managua, León y Chinandega pueden incluir paquetes para identificar el potencial turístico que existe en Apacunca o lugares aledaños. Se proponen dos paquetes Agroecoturísticos que brindan alternativas de recorridos para apreciar la belleza y destacar la importancia de la RRGA y de la zona.