How to report multiple outcome metrics in virtual reality simulation

Background Virtual reality (VR) simulation is increasingly used in surgical disciplines. Since VR simulators measure multiple outcomes, standardized reporting is needed. Methods We present an algorithm for combining multiple VR outcomes into dimension summary measures, which are then integrated into a meaningful total score. We reanalyzed the data of two VR studies applying the algorithm. Results The proposed algorithm was successfully applied to both VR studies. Conclusions The algorithm contributes to standardized and transparent reporting in VR-related research.

Celiac plexus block: an anatomical study and simulation using computed tomography

Objective: To analyze anatomical variations associated with celiac plexus complex by means of computed tomography simulation, assessing the risk for organ injury as the transcrural technique is utilized. Materials and Methods: One hundred eight transaxial computed tomography images of abdomen were analyzed. The aortic-vertebral, celiac trunk (CeT)-vertebral, CeT-aortic and celiac-aortic-vertebral topographical relationships were recorded. Two needle insertion pathways were drawn on each of the images, at right and left, 9 cm and 4.5 cm away from the midline. Transfixed vital organs and gender-related associations were recorded. Results: Aortic-vertebral - 45.37% at left and 54.62% in the middle; CeT-vertebral - T12, 36.11%; T12-L1, 32.4%; L1, 27.77%; T11-T12, 2.77%; CeT-aortic - 53.7% at left and 46.3% in the middle; celiac-aortic-vertebral - L-l, 22.22%; M-m, 23.15%; L-m, 31.48%; M-l, 23.15%. Neither correspondence on the right side nor significant gender-related associations were observed. Conclusion: Considering the wide range of abdominal anatomical variations and the characteristics of needle insertion pathways, celiac plexus block should not be standardized. Imaging should be performed prior to the procedure in order to reduce the risks for injuries or for negative outcomes to patients. Gender-related anatomical variations involved in celiac plexus block should be more deeply investigated, since few studies have addressed the subject.

Direct Interrogation of Viral Peptides Presented by the Class I HLA of HIV-Infected T Cells

Identification of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes has traditionally relied upon testing of overlapping peptide libraries for their reactivity with T cells in vitro. Here, we pursued deep ligand sequencing (DLS) as an alternative method of directly identifying those ligands that are epitopes presented to CTLs by the class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) of infected cells. Soluble class I HLA-A*11:01 (sHLA) was gathered from HIV-1 NL4-3-infected human CD4+ SUP-T1 cells. HLA-A*11:01 harvested from infected cells was immunoaffinity purified and acid boiled to release heavy and light chains from peptide ligands that were then recovered by size-exclusion filtration. The ligands were first fractionated by high-pH high-pressure liquid chromatography and then subjected to separation by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC)–mass spectrometry (MS) at low pH. Approximately 10 million ions were selected for sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). HLA-A*11:01 ligand sequences were determined with PEAKS software and confirmed by comparison to spectra generated from synthetic peptides. DLS identified 42 viral ligands presented by HLA-A*11:01, and 37 of these were previously undetected. These data demonstrate that (i) HIV-1 Gag and Nef are extensively sampled, (ii) ligand length variants are prevalent, particularly within Gag and Nef hot spots where ligand sequences overlap, (iii) noncanonical ligands are T cell reactive, and (iv) HIV-1 ligands are derived from de novo synthesis rather than endocytic sampling. Next-generation immunotherapies must factor these nascent HIV-1 ligand length variants and the finding that CTL-reactive epitopes may be absent during infection of CD4+ T cells into strategies designed to enhance T cell immunity.

Détermination du coût direct lors d'une procédure de cathétérisation d'une angioplastie avec ou sans pose de stent au CHUV

Cette étude consiste à comparer les coûts de deux procédures de dilatation artérielle coronaire (angioplastie par ballonet et angioplastie avec pose de stent) uniquement lors de la phase de cathérisation (et non pas de l'ensemble des coûts du séjour hospitalier). La première partie traite de l'importance de la maladie coronarienne, de ses traitements et des objectifs de l'étude. La deuxième partie explique les éléments et la méthode qui composent le calcul des coûts, illustre les résultats et compare les résultats des deux procédures. La troisième partie analyse les résultats en identifiant quels types de coûts sont à l'origine de la différence du coût total et en explicitant les limites et les compléments nécessaires à l'étude.

Simulation of a Virtual Campus at the Open University of Catalonia

Peer-reviewed

Monitoisioisen muuntajan parametrien mittaus

Tässä kandidaatintyössä on tarkoitus määrittää monitoisioisen muuntajan yksivaiheisen sijaiskytkentä ja sen parametrit käyttämällä perinteisiä mittausmenetelmiä. Näihin kuuluvat tyhjäkäynti-, oikosulku- sekä tasajännitekoe. Muuntajasta on tehty simulointimalli, jota varten sijaiskytkennän parametreja tarvitaan.

Threat Simulation- The Function of Dreaming?

Dreaming is a pure form of phenomenality, created by the brain untouched by external stimulation or behavioral activity, yet including a full range of phenomenal contents. Thus, it has been suggested that the dreaming brain could be used as a model system in a biological research program on consciousness (Revonsuo, 2006). In the present thesis, the philosophical view of biological realism is accepted, and thus, dreaming is considered as a natural biological phenomenon, explainable in naturalistic terms. The major theoretical contribution of the present thesis is that it explores dreaming from a multidisciplinary perspective, integrating information from various fields of science, such as dream research, consciousness research, evolutionary psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Further, it places dreaming into a multilevel framework, and investigates the constitutive, etiological, and contextual explanations for dreaming. Currently, the only theory offering a full multilevel explanation for dreaming, that is, a theory including constitutive, etiological, and contextual level explanations, is the Threat Simulation Theory (TST) (Revonsuo, 2000a; 2000b). The empirical significance of the present thesis lies in the tests conducted to test this specific theory put forth to explain the form, content, and biological function of dreaming. The first step in the empirical testing of the TST was to define exact criteria for what is a ‘threatening event’ in dreams, and then to develop a detailed and reliable content analysis scale with which it is possible to empirically explore and quantify threatening events in dreams. The second step was to seek answers to the following questions derived from the TST: How frequent threatening events are in dreams? What kind of qualities these events have? How threatening events in dreams relate to the most recently encoded or the most salient memory traces of threatening events experienced in waking life? What are the effects of exposure to severe waking life threat on dreams? The results reveal that threatening events are relatively frequent in dreams, and that the simulated threats are realistic. The most common threats include aggression, are targeted mainly against the dream self, and include simulations of relevant and appropriate defensive actions. Further, real threat experiences activate the threat simulation system in a unique manner, and dream content is modulated by the activation of long term episodic memory traces with highest negative saliency. To sum up, most of the predictions of the TST tested in this thesis received considerable support. The TST presents a strong argument that explains the specific design of dreams as threat simulations. The TST also offers a plausible explanation for why dreaming would have been selected for: because dreaming interacted with the environment in such a way that enhanced fitness of ancestral humans. By referring to a single threat simulation mechanism it furthermore manages to explain a wide variety of dream content data that already exists in the literature, and to predict the overall statistical patterns of threat content in different samples of dreams. The TST and the empirical tests conducted to test the theory are a prime example of what a multidisciplinary approach to mental phenomena can accomplish. Thus far, dreaming seems to have always resided in the periphery of science, never regarded worth to be studied by the mainstream. Nevertheless, when brought to the spotlight, the study of dreaming can greatly benefit from ideas in diverse branches of science. Vice versa, knowledge learned from the study of dreaming can be applied in various disciplines. The main contribution of the present thesis lies in putting dreaming back where it belongs, that is, into the spotlight in the cross-road of various disciplines.

Sinkkirikasteen liukenemisnopeuteen vaikuttavat tekijät ja sinkkirikasteen suoraliuotuksen mallintaminen

Työn kirjallisuusosassa selvitettiin eri tekijöiden (lämpötila, paine, mineralogia, partikkelikoko, sekoitus, kiintoainepitoisuus, liuoksen happo-, rauta- ja happipitoisuus) vaikutusta sinkkirikasteen suoraliuotusprosessin tärkeimpiin ilmiöihin (diffuusio, aineensiirto, reaktiokinetiikka). Kirjallisuusosassa kartoitettiin myös tämän hetkistä tietämystä niistä tekijöistä, jotka ovat oleellisia, kun sinkkirikasteen suoraliuotusprosessia mallinnetaan. Näitä tekijöitä ovat: sinkkirikasteiden liuotuksen kemia, sinkkirikasteiden liuotuksen kinetiikka ja mekanismit, kaasuneste aineensiirto ja kiinteäneste aineensiirto. Lisäksi selvitettiin millä tavoin aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa sinkkirikasteiden suoraliuotusta on mallinnettu. Mallinnusosassa käsiteltiin atmosfääristä sinkkirikasteen suoraliuotusta, jossa hapettimena toimi ferri(III)rauta. Mallintamisessa käytettiin kirjallisuudessa esitettyjä mittaustuloksia ja mallintaminen tehtiin Modest tietokoneohjelmistolla. Työssä tehty atmosfäärisen suoraliuotuksen mallintaminen labo-ratoriomittakaavassa (laimeat liuokset ja pienet kiintoainepitoisuudet) antoi lupaavia tuloksia. Ongelmia mallin ennustuksen kanssa esiintyi pienissä happopitoisuuksissa, alhaisissa lämpötiloissa sekä pienillä ja suurilla partikkeleilla. Työn kirjallisuusosassa tunnistettiin ne ongelmakohdat, jotka vaativat lisätutkimuksia, jotta sinkkirikasteen atmosfääriselle suoraliuotukselle pystytään kehittämään simulointimalli. Näitä ovat: 1. Hapen liukoisuus ja aineensiirto teollisuuden käyttämissä sinkkirikastelietteissä, 2. Sopivien mittaustulosten puuttuminen, jotta atmosfääristä suoraliuotusta, jossa O2 ja Fe3+ toimivat hapettimena voitaisiin mallintaa, 3. Kiinteäneste aineensiirron merkitys sinkkirikasteen suoraliuotuksessa. Mallinnusosassa osoitettiin, että mekanistisella mallintamisella voidaan simuloida sinkkirikasteen atmosfääristä suoraliuotusta ainakin laboratoriomittakaavassa. Työn perusteella voidaan todeta, että sinkkirikasteen atmosfääriselle suoraliuotukselle voidaan työssä ehdotettujen jatkotutkimusten avulla kehittää numeerinen mekanistinen malli, jolla atmosfääristä sinkkirikasteiden suoraliuotusprosessia voidaan simuloida eri olosuhteissa.

CFD simulation of complex phenomena containing suspensions and flow throughporous media

There is an increasing reliance on computers to solve complex engineering problems. This is because computers, in addition to supporting the development and implementation of adequate and clear models, can especially minimize the financial support required. The ability of computers to perform complex calculations at high speed has enabled the creation of highly complex systems to model real-world phenomena. The complexity of the fluid dynamics problem makes it difficult or impossible to solve equations of an object in a flow exactly. Approximate solutions can be obtained by construction and measurement of prototypes placed in a flow, or by use of a numerical simulation. Since usage of prototypes can be prohibitively time-consuming and expensive, many have turned to simulations to provide insight during the engineering process. In this case the simulation setup and parameters can be altered much more easily than one could with a real-world experiment. The objective of this research work is to develop numerical models for different suspensions (fiber suspensions, blood flow through microvessels and branching geometries, and magnetic fluids), and also fluid flow through porous media. The models will have merit as a scientific tool and will also have practical application in industries. Most of the numerical simulations were done by the commercial software, Fluent, and user defined functions were added to apply a multiscale method and magnetic field. The results from simulation of fiber suspension can elucidate the physics behind the break up of a fiber floc, opening the possibility for developing a meaningful numerical model of the fiber flow. The simulation of blood movement from an arteriole through a venule via a capillary showed that the model based on VOF can successfully predict the deformation and flow of RBCs in an arteriole. Furthermore, the result corresponds to the experimental observation illustrates that the RBC is deformed during the movement. The concluding remarks presented, provide a correct methodology and a mathematical and numerical framework for the simulation of blood flows in branching. Analysis of ferrofluids simulations indicate that the magnetic Soret effect can be even higher than the conventional one and its strength depends on the strength of magnetic field, confirmed experimentally by Völker and Odenbach. It was also shown that when a magnetic field is perpendicular to the temperature gradient, there will be additional increase in the heat transfer compared to the cases where the magnetic field is parallel to the temperature gradient. In addition, the statistical evaluation (Taguchi technique) on magnetic fluids showed that the temperature and initial concentration of the magnetic phase exert the maximum and minimum contribution to the thermodiffusion, respectively. In the simulation of flow through porous media, dimensionless pressure drop was studied at different Reynolds numbers, based on pore permeability and interstitial fluid velocity. The obtained results agreed well with the correlation of Macdonald et al. (1979) for the range of actual flow Reynolds studied. Furthermore, calculated results for the dispersion coefficients in the cylinder geometry were found to be in agreement with those of Seymour and Callaghan.

Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray emission by kilovolt electron bombardment

A physical model for the simulation of x-ray emission spectra from samples irradiated with kilovolt electron beams is proposed. Inner shell ionization by electron impact is described by means of total cross sections evaluated from an optical-data model. A double differential cross section is proposed for bremsstrahlung emission, which reproduces the radiative stopping powers derived from the partial wave calculations of Kissel, Quarles and Pratt [At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 28, 381 (1983)]. These ionization and radiative cross sections have been introduced into a general-purpose Monte Carlo code, which performs simulation of coupled electron and photon transport for arbitrary materials. To improve the efficiency of the simulation, interaction forcing, a variance reduction technique, has been applied for both ionizing collisions and radiative events. The reliability of simulated x-ray spectra is analyzed by comparing simulation results with electron probe measurements.

Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray spectra generated by kilo-electron-volt electrons

We present a general algorithm for the simulation of x-ray spectra emitted from targets of arbitrary composition bombarded with kilovolt electron beams. Electron and photon transport is simulated by means of the general-purpose Monte Carlo code PENELOPE, using the standard, detailed simulation scheme. Bremsstrahlung emission is described by using a recently proposed algorithm, in which the energy of emitted photons is sampled from numerical cross-section tables, while the angular distribution of the photons is represented by an analytical expression with parameters determined by fitting benchmark shape functions obtained from partial-wave calculations. Ionization of K and L shells by electron impact is accounted for by means of ionization cross sections calculated from the distorted-wave Born approximation. The relaxation of the excited atoms following the ionization of an inner shell, which proceeds through emission of characteristic x rays and Auger electrons, is simulated until all vacancies have migrated to M and outer shells. For comparison, measurements of x-ray emission spectra generated by 20 keV electrons impinging normally on multiple bulk targets of pure elements, which span the periodic system, have been performed using an electron microprobe. Simulation results are shown to be in close agreement with these measurements.