Aflatoxin M1 in samples of "minas" cheese commercialized in the city of Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais/Brazil

Milk products such as cheeses may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when dairy cattle have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Samples of "Minas" cheeses (fresh, canastra and standard) were collected by the Inspection Service in the Mercado Central in Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais - Brazil. A purified extract was obtained by extraction with dichloromethane followed by a washing with n-hexane and immunoaffinity column purification. The quantification of aflatoxin M1 was done by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a fluorescence detector. Recoveries were about 75%. In 56 of the 75 samples (74.7%), the presence of aflatoxin M1 was detected in concentrations ranging between 0.02 and 6.92ng/g of cheese. In the positive cases ( > or = 0.02ng/g) the mean contamination level of aflatoxin M1 was 0.08ng/g in fresh cheese, 0.36ng/g in canastra cheese and 0.62ng/g in standard cheese. No aflatoxin M1 maximum tolerance level in cheese has been established in Brazil.

Características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo Minas artesanal produzido na região do Serro, Minas Gerais

O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar físico-quimicamente e avaliar sensorialmente a aceitação do queijo Minas artesanal produzido na região do Serro, Minas Gerais. As vinte amostras de queijo recém-produzidas foram enviadas diretamente da Cooperativa dos Produtores Rurais do Serro. Na análise sensorial foi utilizado o teste de aceitação com utilização de escala hedônica verbal de nove pontos, sendo que a média da nota atribuída por trinta julgadores foi 6,03±2,04, estando portanto definido como "gostei ligeiramente do produto". Os valores médios encontrados para os parâmetros físico-químicos foram: gordura-29,22g/100g; pH-4,98; umidade-50,84g/100g; cinzas-3,79g/100g; cloretos-4,39g/100g; lactose-0,55g/100g; acidez-0,28 (g/100g de ácido láctico); nitrogênio não-protéico-0,27g/100g; nitrogênio total-2,94g/100g; proteína verdadeira-17,06g/100g; profundidade de proteólise-9,18; diâmetro-13,60cm; altura-5,58cm; peso-927,30g. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os queijos produzidos por grandes e pequenos produtores da região do Serro tanto para os parâmetros físico-químicos quanto para a análise sensorial (teste de aceitação). Percebe-se que os queijos não se adequam a denominação "média umidade" (de 36,0 a 45,9g/100g) definida para o queijo Minas do Serro pela Resolução nº 7 de 28 de novembro de 2000 do Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento, caracterizando-se como queijos de alta umidade (entre 46,0 e 54,9g/100g, de acordo com a Portaria nº 146, de 07 de março de 1996).

Avaliação físico-química de cafés torrados e moídos, de diferentes marcas comerciais, da região sul de Minas Gerais

A manutenção das características sensoriais de uma determinada marca de café torrado e moído, a cada produção de um novo lote, tem sido uma das maiores dificuldades enfrentadas pelas torrefadoras, devido à heterogeneidade da matéria-prima utilizada na elaboração dos blends. A composição química do café cru é responsável pelos atributos sensoriais da bebida, que são formados durante o processo de torração e variações nestes componentes acarretam bebidas diferenciadas. Com base neste fato, amostras de onze marcas comerciais de café torrado e moído, comercializadas na região Sul de Minas Gerais, foram coletadas nos meses de janeiro, abril e julho, e avaliadas quanto aos teores de extrato aquoso, extrato etéreo e cafeína. Os resultados demonstraram existir diferenças entre as marcas avaliadas e as épocas de coleta; cuja interação foi significativa para todas as variáveis analisadas. Apenas o teor de cafeína não apresentou diferença entre as marcas, durante o mês de janeiro. Os resultados obtidos para extrato aquoso, extrato etéreo e cafeína encontram-se dentro dos limites estipulados pela legislação vigente. Foram observadas diferenças nos valores das variáveis estudadas para uma mesma marca, em função da época de coleta, demonstrando a necessidade de maior padronização da matéria-prima utilizada e do processo de elaboração de blends para a fabricação do café torrado e moído.

Effect of trellising system on grape and wine composition of Syrah vines grown in the cerrado region of Minas Gerais

Based on the concept that the trellising system affects not only sunlight interception and carbon assimilation, but also the fruitzone microclimate, which has a great impact on fruit composition and consequently on wine quality, the effect of two trellising systems - Vertical Shoot Position (VSP) and modified Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) - on wine and berry composition of Syrah grapes grown in João Pinheiro, Northeast region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil was investigated. The parameters such as pH, berry size and weight, and seeds total phenolic contents were not affected by the training system. The GDC system produced fruits with the highest Brix and lowest titratable acidity. Berries from the VSP system presented lower anthocyanin concentration than those from the GDC system. Similar results were found for the total phenolic content of the skin of grape berries from the VSP system. GDC wines were characterized by high anthocyanin content and red color, resulting in wines with high color intensity. These data suggest that in the tropical region of Minas Gerais state, with high temperature and high sunlight intensity, the trellising system, which protects bunches against excessive radiation, should be chosen.

Chemical evaluation and effect of bagging new peach varieties introduced in southern Minas Gerais - Brazil

Brazilian peach production is insufficient for domestic supply. Aiming to increase production in the state of Minas Gerais, 16 new peach tree varieties were introduced in the Serra da Mantiqueira region and their fruit were analyzed for sugar, total phenol and total carotenoid contents by colorimetric methods, and for organic acid content by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, we examined the effect of fruit bagging on the levels of such constituents. To do so, the fruit of half the trees of each variety were bagged. The levels of sugars, phenols, carotenoids and organic acids are genotypic characteristics and significantly differed among varieties. Despite being a good form of fruit protection, providing better aspect and reducing the need for pesticides, bagging leads to lower contents of components such as sugars, phenols and organic acids in most varieties. However, it cannot be stated that this practice interferes with sensory characteristics. Knowledge of the chemical constituents of these new varieties allows determining those ideal for fresh consumption (e.g., "Maciel", "Diamante", "T. Beauty", "Ouromel 2" and "C.1056", among others) and those more suitable for industrial processing (e.g., "A. Gold", "C.1122" and "C.1050"), as well as those which serve both purposes.

Study of the physical and physicochemical characteristics of fruits of the licuri palm (Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc.) found in the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais, Brazil

AbstractThe Atlantic Forest has species of native fruits, consumed fresh and processed, which have an important contribution to food sovereignty of families that consume it. This study examined the physical and physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, concentration of carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E and minerals in the pulp and kernels of fruits of licuri (Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc.). Titratable acidity was analyzed by volumetric neutralization, soluble solids by refractometry, proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method, lipids by gravimetry using soxhlet, dietary fiber by non-enzymatic gravimetry, carotenoids and vitamin C by HPLC-DAD, vitamin E by HPLC-fluorescence, and minerals by ICP-AES. Pulp were a source of Zn (0.95 mg 100–1), a good source of fiber (6.15 g 100–1), excellent source of provitamin A (758.75 RAE 100–1), Cu (0.69 mg 100–1), Fe (3.81 mg 100–1), Mn (3.40 mg 100–1) and Mo (0.06 mg 100–1). The kernel were a source of Fe (3.36 mg 100–1) and excellent source of Mn (6.14 mg 100–1), Cu (0.97 mg 100–1) and Mo (0.07 mg 100–1). The nutritional value and wide availability of licuri fruit make it an important resource for reducing food insecurity and improving nutrition of the rural population and other individuals who have access to it.

Nefropatia por IgA: análise histológica e correlação clínico-morfológica em pacientes do Estado de Minas Gerais

INTRODUÇÃO: A Nefropatia por IgA (NIgA) é a glomerulopatia primária mais comum. OBJETIVO: Classificar a NIgA segundo a nova proposta de Classificação de Oxford. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas biópsias do Serviço de Nefropatologia da UFTM, no período de 1996 a 2010, com diagnóstico de NIgA. Foram avaliados gênero, idade, presença de hematúria, padrões/intensidade das lesões, deposições de IgA, IgG, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, C3, C1q e fibrinogênio. Histologicamente, as biópsias foram caracterizadas conforme a Classificação de Oxford, e realizou-se a correlação clínico-morfológica. RESULTADOS: Das 164 biópsias avaliadas, houve predomínio do gênero masculino (53,7%) e adulto (93,3%). Caracterizando os pacientes conforme a classificação de Oxford, obtivemos predominância M0 (85,3%), S1 (53,1%), E0 (65,2%) e T0 (70,1%). À correção clínico-morfológica, observamos maior proteinúria M1 em relação a M0 (p < 0,008), menor taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (p < 0,001) e maior frequência de hipertensão (p < 0,001) comparando-se T0,T1 e T2. À imunofluorescência, predominância de IgA (100% dos casos), com codeposição de C3 (99,37% dos casos), Kappa (96,25%), Lambda (91,25%) e IgM (76,92%). Foi observada correlação entre a intensidade de deposição de IgA com C3, Kappa e Lambda. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, a NIgA foi predominante em homens, mais comuns foram os padrões M0, S1, E0 e T0, com maior proteinúria e aumento da hipercelularidade mesangial, além de maior prevalência de hipertensão/pior função renal conforme a gravidade das repercussões túbulo-intersticiais.

Building-up influence: post-war industrialization in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This paper examines the post-War industrialization process in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais, focusing on one of its desirable outcomes, namely the capacity to generate growth through the impact of strong input-output linkages. This process is placed into historical perspective considering the ideas that permeate the economic development debate throughout the period of analysis. Changes in the regional economic structure are assessed through the use of three input-output tables for the years of 1953, 1980 and 1995. By adopting the fields of influence methodology as the analytical core, it is shown that the efforts towards the creation of a more integrated regional economy have generated stronger influence of the targeted sectors (metal products, transportation equipment, chemical, and services). However, structural changes also contributed to strengthen leakage in the system originated in traditional economic activities.

Política industrial e desenvolvimento econômico: a reatualização de um debate histórico

Industrial policy and economic development: a review of the contemporary debate. This paper discusses the importance of the industrial policy for the Brazilian economic development. It presents the theoretical foundations and the main international experiences about this theme. Besides it examines the main industrial policies adopted in Brazil, especially in recent years. Based on this discussion, it is possible to note that despite the criticisms against this policy, they were widely used by many developed countries in the past and also played an important role, contributing to increase the industrial growth in Brazil. However, the recent Brazilian industrial policies were not so efficient, especially when compared with those adopted during most of the 20th century.

Condições orais em Minas Gerais: estudo da Carga Global de Doença e o papel dos serviços de saúde

Introdução: Os agravos orais são um problema de saúde pública devido à suaprevalência na população e as complicações físicas e psicológicas advindas de suas ocorrências. Objetivou-se estimar a carga de doença para as condições orais em Minas Gerais, no período 2004 - 2006, e identificar fatores contextuais e de serviços de saúdeassociados. Métodos: Estudo da Carga de Doença para cárie, edentulismo e doençaperiodontal, por sexo e faixa etária. O indicador usado foi o DALY, que medesimultaneamente o impacto da mortalidade e dos problemas de saúde que afetam a qualidade de vida. A Carga de Doença para condições orais foi analisada em números absolutos e taxas / 1.000 habitantes. Os procedimentos ambulatoriais odontológicos foram organizados em série histórica e examinados por meio de análise descritiva. A associação de fatores contextuais com agravos orais foi analisada com modelagem hierárquica. Resultados: Estimou-se 45.514 YLD para agravos orais, com taxa de 2,4/1.000 habitantes. Estimou-se 18.142 YLD para homens e 27.372 YLD para mulheres (1,9/1.000 e 2,8/1.000, respectivamente). O número de YLD para cárie foi de 8.332, com taxas de 0,4/1.000 para ambos os sexos. Estimou-se 33.888 YLD para edentulismo, com taxa de 2,2/1.000 nas mulheres. Na doença periodontal estimou-se 3.217 YLD, resultando em uma taxa de 0,2/1.000 para ambos os sexos. Observou-se aumento da oferta de alguns procedimentos odontológicos ambulatoriais nas Macrorregionais de Saúde menos favorecidas economicamente. As característicassocioeconômicas associaram-se à incidência de cárie dentária e à prevalência de edentulismo.

The intracratonic Caraibas-Itacarambi earthquake of December 09, 2007 (4.9 m(b)), Minas Gerais State, Brazil

On December 9, 2007, a 4.9 m(b) earthquake occurred in the middle of the Sao Francisco Craton, in a region with no known previous activity larger than 4 m(b). This event reached intensity VII MM (Modified Mercalli) causing the first fatal victim in Brazil. The activity had started in May 25, 2007 with a 3.5 magnitude event and continued for several months, motivating the deployment of a local 6-station network. A three week seismic quiescence was observed before the mainshock. Initial absolute hypocenters were calculated with best fitting velocity models and then relative locations were determined with hypoDD. The aftershock distribution indicates a 3 km long rupture for the mainshock. The fault plane solution, based on P-wave polarities and hypocentral trend, indicates a reverse faulting mechanism on a N30 degrees E striking plane dipping about 40 degrees to the SE. The rupture depth extends from about 0.3 to 1.2 km only. Despite the shallow depth of the mainshock, no surface feature could be correlated with the fault plane. Aeromagnetic data in the epicentral area show short-wavelength lineaments trending NNE-SSW to NE-SW which we interpret as faults and fractures in the craton basement beneath the surface limestone layer. We propose that the Caraibas-Itacarambi seismicity is probably associated with reactivation of these basement fractures and faults under the present E-W compressional stress field in this region of the South American Plate. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rankamaite from the Urubu pegmatite, Itinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Crystal chemistry and Rietveld refinement

A new occurrence of rankamaite is here described at the Urubu pegmatite, Itinga municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The mineral forms cream-white botryoidal aggregates of acicular to fibrous crystals, intimately associated with simpsonite, thoreaulite, cassiterite, quartz, elbaite, albite, and muscovite. The average of six chemical analyses obtained by electron microprobe is (range in parentheses, wt%): Na(2)O 2.08 (1.95-2.13), K(2)O 2.61 (2.52-2.74), Al(2)O(3) 1.96 (1.89-2.00), Fe(2)O(3) 0.01 (0.00-0.03), TiO(2) 0.02 (0.00-0.06), Ta(2)O(5) 81.04 (79.12-85.18), Nb(2)O(5) 9.49 (8.58-9.86), total 97.21 (95.95-101.50). The chemical formula derived from this analysis is (Na(1.55)K(1.28))(Sigma 2.83)(Ta(8.45)Nb(1.64)Al(0.89)Fe(0.01)(3+)Ti(0.01))(Sigma 11.00)[O(25.02)(OH)(5.98)](Sigma 31.00). Rankamaite is an orthorhombic ""tungsten bronze"" (OTB), crystallizing in the space group Cmmm. Its unit-cell parameters refined from X-ray diffraction powder data are: a = 17.224(3), b = 17.687(3), c = 3.9361(7) angstrom, V = 1199.1(3) angstrom(3), Z = 2. Rietveld refinement of the powder data was undertaken using the structure of LaTa(5)O(14) as a starting model for the rankamaite structure. The structural formula obtained with the Rietveld analyses is: (Na(2.21)K(1.26))Sigma(3.37)(Ta(9.12)NB(1.30) Al(0.59))(Sigma 11.00)[O(26.29)(OH)(4.71)](Sigma 31.00). The tantalum atoms are coordinated by six and seven oxygen atoms in the form of distorted TaO(6) octahedra and TaO(2) pentagonal bipyramids, respectively. Every pentagonal bipyramid shares edges with four octahedra, thus forming Ta(5)O(14) units. The potassium atom is in an 11-fold coordination, whereas one sodium atom is in a 10-fold and the other is in a 12-fold coordination. Raman and infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the room-temperature spectra of rankamaite.

Mineralogical and microthermometric studies and structural aspects of imperial topaz mineralization in Antonio Pereira, Ouro Preto District (Minas Gerais) - Brazil

The occurrences of imperial topaz in the Antonio Pereira mine, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, are associated with the metamorphic carbonate rocks of the Minas Supergroup. The crystals have densities varying from 3.46 to 3.58. The parameters of the unitary cells obtained were: 4.658 to 4.663 angstrom (ao), 8.823 to 8.832 angstrom (b(o)), 8.382 to 8.389 angstrom (c(o)), and 344.65 to 345.46 angstrom 3 (V). The refraction indices presented the following variations: 1.622 to 1.630 (nX), 1.624 to 1.632 (nY), 1.633 to 1.640 (nZ), and 0.008 to 0.011 (B). These properties are coherent with the low fluorine contents obtained (16,48%/17,05wt%). Infrared spectroscopy and microthermometry showed that the fluid inclusions, which represent the mineralizing fluids, are formed by H(2)O (with Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Na(+)), and CO(2) +/- CH(4). The minimal trapping T-P conditions of 290/320 degrees C and 2,349/2,497bar were obtained for the primary fluid inclusions. The pseudo-secondary fluid inclusions were trapped at conditions of lower temperatures and variable pressures, during the deformation process under local alternating states of stress. The microthermometric studies, the structural analysis and the fluorine contents suggest that the mineralized veins were formed from hydrothermal fluids originated during the Brasiliano tectono-metamorphic event.

THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A MICROLITE-GROUP MINERAL WITH A FORMULA NEAR NaCaTa(2)O(6)F FROM THE MORRO REDONDO MINE, CORONEL MURTA, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL

We present electron-microprobe and single-crystal X-ray-diffraction data for a microlite-group mineral with a formula near NaCaTa(2)O(6)F from the Morro Redondo mine, Coronel Murta, Minas Gerais, Brazil. On the basis of these data, the formula is A(Na(0.88)Ca(0.88)Pb(0.02)square(0.22))(Sigma 2.00) (B)(Ta(1.70)Nb(0.14)Si(0.12)As(0.04))(Sigma 2.00) (X)[(O(5.75)(OH)(0.25)](Sigma 6.00) (Y)(F(0.73)square(0.27))(Sigma 1.00). According to the new nomenclature for the pyrochlore-supergroup minerals, it is intermediate between fluornatromicrolite and "" fluorcalciomicrolite"". The crystal structure, F (d3) over barm, a = 10.4396(12) angstrom, has been refined to an R(1) value of 0.0258 (wR(2) = 0.0715) for 107 reflections (MoK alpha radiation). There is a scarcity of crystal-chemical data for pyrochlore-supergroup minerals in the literature. A compilation of these data is presented here.