Indexing and matching trajectories under inconsistent sampling rates

Quantifying the similarity between two trajectories is a fundamental operation in analysis of spatio-temporal databases. While a number of distance functions exist, the recent shift in the dynamics of the trajectory generation procedure violates one of their core assumptions; a consistent and uniform sampling rate. In this paper, we formulate a robust distance function called Edit Distance with Projections (EDwP) to match trajectories under inconsistent and variable sampling rates through dynamic interpolation. This is achieved by deploying the idea of projections that goes beyond matching only the sampled points while aligning trajectories. To enable efficient trajectory retrievals using EDwP, we design an index structure called TrajTree. TrajTree derives its pruning power by employing the unique combination of bounding boxes with Lipschitz embedding. Extensive experiments on real trajectory databases demonstrate EDwP to be up to 5 times more accurate than the state-of-the-art distance functions. Additionally, TrajTree increases the efficiency of trajectory retrievals by up to an order of magnitude over existing techniques.

Largest Matching Areas for Illumination and Occlusion Robust Face Recognition

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to face recognition which simultaneously tackles three combined challenges: 1) uneven illumination; 2) partial occlusion; and 3) limited training data. The new approach performs lighting normalization, occlusion de-emphasis and finally face recognition, based on finding the largest matching area (LMA) at each point on the face, as opposed to traditional fixed-size local area-based approaches. Robustness is achieved with novel approaches for feature extraction, LMA-based face image comparison and unseen data modeling. On the extended YaleB and AR face databases for face identification, our method using only a single training image per person, outperforms other methods using a single training image, and matches or exceeds methods which require multiple training images. On the labeled faces in the wild face verification database, our method outperforms comparable unsupervised methods. We also show that the new method performs competitively even when the training images are corrupted.

A proposed simple method for measurement in the anterior chamber angle: biometric gonioscopy

OBJECTIVE:

To design a system of gonioscopy that will allow greater interobserver reliability and more clearly defined screening cutoffs for angle closure than current systems while being simple to teach and technologically appropriate for use in rural Asia, where the prevalence of angle-closure glaucoma is highest.

DESIGN:

Clinic-based validation and interobserver reliability trial.

PARTICIPANTS:

Study 1: 21 patients 18 years of age and older recruited from a university-based specialty glaucoma clinic; study 2: 32 patients 18 years of age and older recruited from the same clinic.

INTERVENTION:

In study 1, all participants underwent conventional gonioscopy by an experienced observer (GLS) using the Spaeth system and in the same eye also underwent Scheimpflug photography, ultrasonographic measurement of anterior chamber depth and axial length, automatic refraction, and biometric gonioscopy with measurement of the distance from iris insertion to Schwalbe's line using a reticule based in the slit-lamp ocular. In study 2, all participants underwent both conventional gonioscopy and biometric gonioscopy by an experienced gonioscopist (NGC) and a medical student with no previous training in gonioscopy (JK).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Study 1: The association between biometric gonioscopy and conventional gonioscopy, Scheimpflug photography, and other factors known to correlate with the configuration of the angle. Study 2: Interobserver agreement using biometric gonioscopy compared to that obtained with conventional gonioscopy.

RESULTS:

In study 1, there was an independent, monotonic, statistically significant relationship between biometric gonioscopy and both Spaeth angle (P = 0.001, t test) and Spaeth insertion (P = 0.008, t test) grades. Biometric gonioscopy correctly identified six of six patients with occludable angles according to Spaeth criteria. Biometric gonioscopic grade was also significantly associated with the anterior chamber angle as measured by Scheimpflug photography (P = 0.005, t test). In study 2, the intraclass correlation coefficient between graders for biometric gonioscopy (0.97) was higher than for Spaeth angle grade (0.72) or Spaeth insertion grade (0.84).

CONCLUSION:

Biometric gonioscopy correlates well with other measures of the anterior chamber angle, shows a higher degree of interobserver reliability than conventional gonioscopy, and can readily be learned by an inexperienced observer.

Between-taxon matching of common and rare species richness patterns

Aim: Our primary aim is to understand how assemblages of rare (restricted range) and common (widespread) species are correlated with each other among different taxa. We tested the proposition that marine species richness patterns of rare and common species differ, both within a taxon in their contribution to the richness pattern of the full assemblage and among taxa in the strength of their correlations with each other. Location The UK intertidal zone. Methods: We used high-resolution marine datasets for UK intertidal macroalgae, molluscs and crustaceans each with more than 400 species. We estimated the relative contribution of rare and common species, treating rarity and commonness as a continuous spectrum, to spatial patterns in richness using spatial crosscorrelations. Correlation strength and significance was estimated both within and between taxa. Results: Common species drove richness patterns within taxa, but rare species contributed more when species were placed on an equal footing via scaling by binomial variance. Between taxa, relatively small sub-assemblages (fewer than 60 species) of common species produced the maximum correlation with each other, regardless of taxon pairing. Cross-correlations between rare species were generally weak, with maximum correlation occurring between small sub-assemblages in only one case. Cross-correlations between common and rare species of different taxa were consistently weak or absent. Main conclusions: Common species in the three marine assemblages were congruent in their richness patterns, but rare species were generally not. The contrast between the stronger correlations among common species and the weak or absent correlations among rare species indicates a decoupling of the processes driving common and rare species richness patterns. The internal structure of richness patterns of these marine taxa is similar to that observed for terrestrial taxa.

Improving E-Assessment Systems With A focus On Adaptive Feedback And Marking

Institutions involved in the provision of tertiary education across Europe are feeling the pinch. European universities, and other higher education (HE) institutions, must operate in a climate where the pressure of government spending cuts (Garben, 2012) is in stark juxtaposition to the EU’s strategy to drive forward and maintain a growth of student numbers in the sector (eurostat, 2015).

In order to remain competitive, universities and HE institutions are making ever-greater use of electronic assessment (E-Assessment) systems (Chatzigavriil et all, 2015; Ferrell, 2012). These systems are attractive primarily because they offer a cost-effect and scalable approach for assessment. In addition to scalability, they also offer reliability, consistency and impartiality; furthermore, from the perspective of a student they are most popular because they can offer instant feedback (Walet, 2012).

There are disadvantages, though.

First, feedback is often returned to a student immediately on competition of their assessment. While it is possible to disable the instant feedback option (this is often the case during an end of semester exam period when assessment scores must be can be ratified before release), however, this option tends to be a global ‘all on’ or ‘all off’ configuration option which is controlled centrally rather than configurable on a per-assessment basis.

If a formative in-term assessment is to be taken by multiple groups of
students, each at different times, this restriction means that answers to each question will be disclosed to the first group of students undertaking the assessment. As soon as the answers are released “into the wild” the academic integrity of the assessment is lost for subsequent student groups.

Second, the style of feedback provided to a student for each question is often limited to a simple ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ indicator. While this type of feedback has its place, it often does not provide a student with enough insight to improve their understanding of a topic that they did not answer correctly.

Most E-Assessment systems boast a wide range of question types including Multiple Choice, Multiple Response, Free Text Entry/Text Matching and Numerical questions. The design of these types of questions is often quite restrictive and formulaic, which has a knock-on effect on the quality of feedback that can be provided in each case.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are most prevalent as they are the most prescriptive and therefore most the straightforward to mark consistently. They are also the most amenable question types, which allow easy provision of meaningful, relevant feedback to each possible outcome chosen.
Text matching questions tend to be more problematic due to their free text entry nature. Common misspellings or case-sensitivity errors can often be accounted for by the software but they are by no means fool proof, as it is very difficult to predict in advance the range of possible variations on an answer that would be considered worthy of marks by a manual marker of a paper based equivalent of the same question.

Numerical questions are similarly restricted. An answer can be checked for accuracy or whether it is within a certain range of the correct answer, but unless it is a special purpose-built mathematical E-Assessment system the system is unlikely to have computational capability and so cannot, for example, account for “method marks” which are commonly awarded in paper-based marking.

From a pedagogical perspective, the importance of providing useful formative feedback to students at a point in their learning when they can benefit from the feedback and put it to use must not be understated (Grieve et all, 2015; Ferrell, 2012).

In this work, we propose a number of software-based solutions, which will overcome the limitations and inflexibilities of existing E-Assessment systems.

Towards the 2021 UK Census imputation strategy: Response mode as a matching variable in a donor-based approach?

Since July 2014, the Office for National Statistics has committed to a predominantly online 2021 UK Census. Item-level imputation will play an important role in adjusting the 2021 Census database. Research indicates that the internet may yield cleaner data than paper based capture and attract people with particular characteristics. Here, we provide preliminary results from research directed at understanding how we might manage these features in a 2021 UK Census imputation strategy. Our findings suggest that if using a donor-based imputation method, it may need to consider including response mode as a matching variable in the underlying imputation model.

Measurements of thermophysical properties of perfluorocarbons and ionic liquids

No presente trabalho propõe-se estudar a tensão superficial de vários perfluorocarbonetos lineares, cíclicos, aromáticos e [alfa]-substituídos bem como líquidos iónicos com o catião imidazolium em comum. Apesar do seu interesse inerente, informação sobre esta propriedade para os compostos seleccionados é escassa e quando disponível apresenta discrepâncias consideráveis entre si. As medições foram realizadas no intervalo de temperaturas (283 to 353) K usando o método do anel de Du Noüy. Para os fluorocarbonetos, os dados experimentais demonstram que a estrutura molecular é o factor primordial no comportamento da superfície uma vez que os fluorocarbonetos aromáticos apresentam a tensão superficial mais elevada, seguida pelos fluorocarbonetos cíclicos e substituídos. Os perfluorocarbonetos lineares apresentam os menores valores de tensão superficial, aumentando ligeiramente com o aumento do número de carbonos. Os líquidos iónicos estudados foram seleccionados com o objectivo de fornecerem um estudo compreensivo sobre a influência do tamanho da cadeia alquílica do catião, o número de substituições no catião e a influência do anião. A influência do conteúdo de água na tensão superficial foi estudada em função da temperatura e da fracção molar de água para o liquido iónico mais hidrofóbico, [omim][PF6], e para o mais higroscópico, [bmim][PF6]. As funções termodinâmicas de superfície, como a entropia e entalpia de superfície, foram derivadas a partir da dependência da tensão superficial com a temperatura. Os dados obtidos para o fluorocarbonetos foram comparados com a correlação proposta por Faizullin, apresentando um desvio inferior a 4 % e demonstrando a sua aplicabilidade para com esta classe de compostos. A metodologia adoptada neste trabalho requer o conhecimento das densidades dos compostos de modo a aplicar a necessária correcção hidrostática. Contudo, para os líquidos iónicos esta informação é limitada ou mesmo inexistente. Por este motivo realizaram-se medições de densidade em função da pressão (0.10 < p/MPa < 10.0) e da temperatura (293.15 < T/K < 393.15). Desta dependência, as propriedades termodinâmicas, tais como compressibilidade isotérmica, expansividade isobárica, coeficiente térmico da pressão e dependência da capacidade calorífica com a pressão foram investigadas. A influência do teor de água na densidade foi também estudada para o líquido iónico mais hidrofóbico, [omim][PF6]. Um modelo simples de volume-ideal foi aplicado de forma preditiva para os volumes molares dos líquidos iónicos, em condições ambientais, descrevendo bem os dados experimentais. ABSTRACT: This work aims at studying the surface tension of some linear, cyclic, aromatic, [alfa]-substituted perfluorocarbons and imidazolium based ionic liquids. Despite its fundamental interest, information about this property for these compounds is scarce and the available data present strong discrepancies among each other. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range (283 to 353) K with the Du Noüy ring method. For the fluorocarbons, the analysis of the experimental data shows that the molecular structure is the main factor in the surface since the aromatic fluorocompounds present the highest surface tensions, followed by the cyclic and substituted fluorocompounds. The linear n-perfluoroalkanes exhibit the lowest surface tension values, slightly increasing with the carbon number. The set of selected ionic liquids was chosen to provide a comprehensive study of the influence of the cation alkyl chain length, the number of cation substitutions and the anion on the properties under study. The influence of water content in the surface tension was studied for several ILs as a function of the temperature as well as a function of water mole fraction, for the most hydrophobic IL investigated, [omim][PF6], and one hygroscopic IL, [bmim][PF6]. The surface thermodynamic functions such as surface entropy and enthalpy were derived from the temperature dependence of the surface tension values. The perfluorocarbons experimental data were compared against the Faizullin correlation, and it is shown that this correlation describes the measured surface tensions with deviations inferior to 4 %. The methodology adopted in this work requires the knowledge of the densities of the compounds under study in order to apply an hydrostatic correction. However, for ionic liquids these information is scarse and in some cases unavailable. Therefore, experimental measurements of the pressure (0.10 < p/MPa < 10.0) and temperature (293.15 < T/K < 393.15) dependence of the density and derived thermodynamic properties, such as the isothermal compressibility, the isobaric expansivity, the thermal pressure coefficient, and the pressure dependence of the heat capacity of several imidazolium-based ionic were determined. The influence of water content in the density was also studied for the most hydrophobic IL used, [omim][PF6]. A simple ideal-volume model was employed for the prediction of the imidazolium molar volumes at ambient conditions, which proved to agree well with the experimental results.

Convex Quadratic Programming Approach to the Maximum Matching Problem

The problem of determining a maximum matching or whether there exists a perfect matching, is very common in a large variety of applications and as been extensively studied in graph theory. In this paper we start to introduce a characterisation of a family of graphs for which its stability number is determined by convex quadratic programming. The main results connected with the recognition of this family of graphs are also introduced. It follows a necessary and sufficient condition which characterise a graph with a perfect matching and an algorithmic strategy, based on the determination of the stability number of line graphs, by convex quadratic programming, applied to the determination of a perfect matching. A numerical example for the recognition of graphs with a perfect matching is described. Finally, the above algorithmic strategy is extended to the determination of a maximum matching of an arbitrary graph and some related results are presented.

Diffusion coefficients in dense and supercritical fluids

Os coeficientes de difusão (D 12) são propriedades fundamentais na investigação e na indústria, mas a falta de dados experimentais e a inexistência de equações que os estimem com precisão e confiança em fases comprimidas ou condensadas constituem limitações importantes. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho compreendem: i) a compilação de uma grande base de dados para valores de D 12 de sistemas gasosos, líquidos e supercríticos; ii) o desenvolvimento e validação de novos modelos de coeficientes de difusão a diluição infinita, aplicáveis em amplas gamas de temperatura e densidade, para sistemas contendo componentes muito distintos em termos de polaridade, tamanho e simetria; iii) a montagem e teste de uma instalação experimental para medir coeficientes de difusão em líquidos e fluidos supercríticos. Relativamente à modelação, uma nova expressão para coeficientes de difusão a diluição infinita de esferas rígidas foi desenvolvida e validada usando dados de dinâmica molecular (desvio relativo absoluto médio, AARD = 4.44%) Foram também estudados os coeficientes de difusão binários de sistemas reais. Para tal, foi compilada uma extensa base de dados de difusividades de sistemas reais em gases e solventes densos (622 sistemas binários num total de 9407 pontos experimentais e 358 moléculas) e a mesma foi usada na validação dos novos modelos desenvolvidos nesta tese. Um conjunto de novos modelos foi proposto para o cálculo de coeficientes de difusão a diluição infinita usando diferentes abordagens: i) dois modelos de base molecular com um parâmetro específico para cada sistema, aplicáveis em sistemas gasosos, líquidos e supercríticos, em que natureza do solvente se encontra limitada a apolar ou fracamente polar (AARDs globais na gama 4.26-4.40%); ii) dois modelos de base molecular biparamétricos, aplicáveis em todos os estados físicos, para qualquer tipo de soluto diluído em qualquer solvente (apolar, fracamente polar e polar). Ambos os modelos dão origem a erros globais entre 2.74% e 3.65%; iii) uma correlação com um parâmetro, específica para coeficientes de difusão em dióxido de carbono supercrítico (SC-CO2) e água líquida (AARD = 3.56%); iv) nove correlações empíricas e semi-empíricas que envolvem dois parâmetros, dependentes apenas da temperatura e/ou densidade do solvente e/ou viscosidade do solvente. Estes últimos modelos são muito simples e exibem excelentes resultados (AARDs entre 2.78% e 4.44%) em sistemas líquidos e supercríticos; e v) duas equações preditivas para difusividades de solutos em SC-CO2, em que os erros globais de ambas são inferiores a 6.80%. No global, deve realçar-se o facto de os novos modelos abrangerem a grande variedade de sistemas e moléculas geralmente encontrados. Os resultados obtidos são consistentemente melhores do que os obtidos com os modelos e abordagens encontrados na literatura. No caso das correlações com um ou dois parâmetros, mostrou-se que estes mesmos parâmetros podem ser ajustados usando um conjunto muito pequeno de dados, e posteriormente serem utilizados na previsão de valores de D 12 longe do conjunto original de pontos. Uma nova instalação experimental para medir coeficientes de difusão binários por técnicas cromatográficas foi montada e testada. O equipamento, o procedimento experimental e os cálculos analíticos necessários à obtenção dos valores de D 12 pelo método de abertura do pico cromatográfico, foram avaliados através da medição de difusividades de tolueno e acetona em SC-CO2. Seguidamente, foram medidos coeficientes de difusão de eucaliptol em SC-CO2 nas gamas de 202 – 252 bar e 313.15 – 333.15 K. Os resultados experimentais foram analisados através de correlações e modelos preditivos para D12.

Face matching impairment in developmental prosopagnosia

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is commonly referred to as ‘face blindness’, a term that implies a perceptual basis to the condition. However, DP presents as a deficit in face recognition and is diagnosed using memory-based tasks. Here, we test face identification ability in six people with DP, who are severely impaired on face memory tasks, using tasks that do not rely on memory. First, we compared DP to control participants on a standardised test of unfamiliar face matching using facial images taken on the same day and under standardised studio conditions (Glasgow Face Matching Test; GFMT). DP participants did not differ from normative accuracy scores on the GFMT. Second, we tested face matching performance on a test created using images that were sourced from the Internet and so vary substantially due to changes in viewing conditions and in a person’s appearance (Local Heroes Test; LHT). DP participants show significantly poorer matching accuracy on the LHT relative to control participants, for both unfamiliar and familiar face matching. Interestingly, this deficit is specific to ‘match’ trials, suggesting that people with DP may have particular difficulty in matching images of the same person that contain natural day-to-day variations in appearance. We discuss these results in the broader context of individual differences in face matching ability.

Brightness perception: one simple model explaines most if not all effects

Few models can explain Mach bands (Pessoa, 1996 Vision Research 36 3205-3227) . Our own employs multiscale line and edge coding by simple and complex cells. Lines are interpreted by Gaussian functions, edges by bipolar, Gaussian-truncated errorfunctions. Widths of these functions are coupled to the scales of the underlying cells and the amplitudes are determined by their responses.

Simple brightness models with low-pass and Gabor filters

A syntactical brightness model based on a multiscale line and edge representation obtained by a set of anisotropic Gabor filters is quite complex (du Buf and Fischer, 1995 Optical Engineering 34 1900-1911). Although only tested in 1-D, it was shown to yield correct brightness effects for many patterns.