Geographical deviations in foreign trade statistics: A study into European trade with Latin American Countries, 1925

We have analyzed the spatial accuracy of European foreign trade statistics compared to Latin American. We have also included USA s data because of the importance of this country in Latin American trade. We have developed a method for mapping discrepancies between exporters and importers, trying to isolate systematic spatial deviations. Although our results don t allow a unique explanation, they present some interesting clues to the distribution channels in the Latin American Continent as well as some spatial deviations for statistics in individual countries. Connecting our results with the literature specialized in the accuracy of foreign trade statistics; we can revisit Morgernstern (1963) as well as Federico and Tena (1991). Morgernstern had had a really pessimistic view on the reliability of this statistic source, but his main alert was focused on the trade balances, not in gross export or import values. Federico and Tena (1991) have demonstrated howaccuracy increases by aggregation, geographical and of product at the same time. But they still have a pessimistic view with relation to distribution questions, remarking that perhaps it will be more accurate to use import sources in this latest case. We have stated that the data set coming from foreign trade statistics for a sample in 1925, being it exporters or importers, it s a valuable tool for geography of trade patterns, although in some specific cases it needs some spatial adjustments.

Helsinki 25.5.1925

Kirje

Bibliografía sobre el fenómeno el niño desde 1891 a 1985

Recopilación de 1018 trabajos referentes al fenómeno de El niño, principalmente en los años 1982-1983, tomados de la Biblioteca Científica IMARPE.

Catálogo de datos oceanográficos (T, S y O2) por estaciones del año en diferentes profundidades frente a la costa peruana, periodo 1970-1985

Tomando como referencia los 0, 50, 100, 200 metros de profundidad promediados por cuadrados Marsden y por estaciones en los años 1970-19785. Se presenta información básica de la temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno en cartas horizontales.

Parámetros oceanográficos en Bahía Independencia, Perú, entre mayo de 1985 y julio de 1987

A base de datos tomados en 48 estaciones en la Bahía Independencia en 6 prospecciones entre mayo de 1985 y julio de 1987 se describen las características oceanográficas (temperatura, salinidad, concentraciones de oxigeno, fosfatos, nitratos y circulación de las aguas) y el comportamiento del viento

Distribución y biomasa de bacterias filamentosas (Thioploca spp.) en la costa norte del Perú durante 1976-1985

A base de datos obtenidos en los años 1976,1981,1983,1984,1985 aproximadamente entre 3° 30’ y 12° 30’ S en la plataforma continental peruana, se analizaron diámetros de células, presencia de tricomas en vainas, distribuciones y biomasas húmedas y secas sin ceniza de Thioploca spp.

Distribución de biomasa de los peces demersales en la Plataforma Norte del Perú en los veranos australes de 1985 y 1987

Se analiza la distribución y biomasa de peces demersales (excepto Merluccius gayi peruvianus) entre 3º-10º S durante los veranos de 1985 y 1987.

On the accuracy of Latin American trade statistics: A nonparametric test for 1925

This paper proposes a nonparametric test in order to establish the level of accuracy of theforeign trade statistics of 17 Latin American countries when contrasted with the trade statistics of the main partners in 1925. The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Ranks test is used to determine whether the differences between the data registered by exporters and importers are meaningful, and if so, whether the differences are systematic in any direction. The paper tests for the reliability of the data registered for two homogeneous products, petroleum and coal, both in volume and value. The conclusion of the several exercises performed is that we cannot accept the existence of statistically significant differences between the data provided by the exporters and the registered by the importing countries in most cases. The qualitative historiography of Latin American describes its foreign trade statistics as mostly unusable. Our quantitative results contest this view.

Variaciones de la población del Zarcillo (Larosterna inca: aves) 1963 y 1985 en el litoral peruano, con énfasis en la Isla Asia

En la base de datos proporcionados por Pesca Perú-Fertilizantes, se evaluaron las poblaciones de ave marina Larosterma inca (Zarcillo) de 30 lugares de la costa peruana para los años 1963 hasta 1985, poniendo énfasis en la población de la isla Asia.

Helsinki 23.5.1925

Kirje

Energy as an indicator of modernisation in Latin America by 1925

In absence of comparable macroeconomic indicators for most of the Latin American economiesbeyond the 1930s, this paper presents an estimate of the apparent consumption per head of coal and petroleum for 25 countries of Latin American and the Caribbean for the year 1925, doubling the number of countries for which energy consumption estimates were previously available. Energy consumption is then used as an indicator of economic modernisation. As a result, the paper provides the basis for a quantitative comparative analysis of modernisation performance beyond the few countries for which historical national accounts are available in Latin America.

Angervonniemellä jouluna 1925

Kirje 25.12.1925

Kotona [Kajaanissa] jouluaattona 1925

Kirje 24.12.1925