A survey of the artisanal fishery on the Zimbabwean side of Lake Kariba

Two types of fishermen have been identified along the lake shore: contract fishermen and independent fishermen. Independent fishermen move from their fishing grounds to other grounds in search for more fish and also to communal lands for farming during the rains. The fish from Kariba are marketed to a large part of the country creating a very large market potential. Profits accruing to the fishermen are not very attractive and could be the reason for the migratory behaviour of the fishermen. The fishermen population is rural with a characteristic expansive pyramid.

Estudo da interação de antipsicóticos atípicos e albumina sérica com base em modelos matemáticos e espectrofluorimétricos

Os antipsicóticos são drogas utilizadas no tratamento de muitos transtornos psiquiátricos, sendo classificados em dois grupos: típicos e atípicos. Os típicos formam o grupo de drogas que bloqueiam especialmente os receptores de dopamina e, por isto, causam efeitos colaterais característicos, que se manifestam através de sintomas extrapiramidais e podem terminar em discinesia tardia. Os atípicos apresentam eficácia antipsicótica similar à dos antipsicóticos típicos, mas produzem menos efeitos colaterais extrapiramidais e não causam discinesia tardia. Os antipsicóticos se ligam às proteínas plasmáticas, principalmente a albumina, a qual representa cerca de 60% do total das proteínas no soro humano. Neste trabalho estudamos os processos de interação de duas drogas antipsicóticas atípicas, risperidona e sulpirida, com as albuminas séricas humana (HSA) e bovina (BSA), através da técnica de supressão da fluorescência intrínseca do triptofano. A partir dos espectros de fluorescência, a análise dos dados foi feita obtendo-se os gráficos e as constantes de Stern-Volmer. A análise da supressão da fluorescência foi feita a partir da média aritmética dos dados oriundos dos experimentos realizados em cada condição adotada. Como a molécula da sulpirida é fluorescente desenvolvemos uma modelagem matemática do processo de interação, que nos permitiu então obter os dados referentes à supressão da fluorescência da proteína. Os resultados mostraram que a risperidona e a sulpirida suprimem a fluorescência de ambas albuminas por um processo de quenching estático, formando complexos droga-albumina. A risperidona tem uma afinidade com a HSA cerca de 6,5 vezes maior do que a sulpirida, a 37 oC. As constantes de associação calculadas para a interação risperidona-HSA, através da Teoria de Stern-Volmer, foram 1,43 ( 0,05) x 105 M-1, a 37 C, e 2,56 ( 0,09) x 105 M-1, a 25 C1; e para a sulpirida, 2,20 ( 0,08) x 104 M-1, a 37 C, e 5,46 ( 0,20) x 104 M-1, a 25 C. Como a taxa de quenching da BSA foi maior do que a da HSA, sugerimos que o sítio primário para a risperidona nas albuminas esteja localizado mais próximo ao domínio do triptofano 134 da BSA do que do domínio do triptofano 212 da HSA. O mesmo sugerimos com relação ao sítio para a sulpirida a 37 C.

Environmental monitoring review group feedback

The Drought Monitoring workshop of October 1996, held at the Jarvis Leyland Hotel in Preston, England, established 4 priority issues for dealing with the question: How do we monitor the environment to pick up unexpected change ? 1. Review existing data, and review related study areas throughout the country. 2. Modelling and analysis of data 3. Monitoring / new data / sentinel species' 4. Public relations / Promotion. A group was set up to review issue 1 and feedback to the main group. This report establishes this feedback to the group and refers to existing data / monitoring, other Regional and national work, external Organisations and Recommendations. Appendix 1, is a summary of work completed at the workshop.

Abundance of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in three Alaskan regions, corrected for observer errors due to perception bias and species misidentification, and corrected for animals submerged from view

Estimating the abundance of cetaceans from aerial survey data requires careful attention to survey design and analysis. Once an aerial observer perceives a marine mammal or group of marine mammals, he or she has only a few seconds to identify and enumerate the individuals sighted, as well as to determine the distance to the sighting and record this information. In line-transect survey analyses, it is assumed that the observer has correctly identified and enumerated the group or individual. We describe methods used to test this assumption and how survey data should be adjusted to account for observer errors. Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were censused during aerial surveys in the summer of 1997 in Southeast Alaska (9844 km survey effort), in the summer of 1998 in the Gulf of Alaska (10,127 km), and in the summer of 1999 in the Bering Sea (7849 km). Sightings of harbor porpoise during a beluga whale (Phocoena phocoena) survey in 1998 (1355 km) provided data on harbor porpoise abundance in Cook Inlet for the Gulf of Alaska stock. Sightings by primary observers at side windows were compared to an independent observer at a belly window to estimate the probability of misidentification, underestimation of group size, and the probability that porpoise on the surface at the trackline were missed (perception bias, g(0)). There were 129, 96, and 201 sightings of harbor porpoises in the three stock areas, respectively. Both g(0) and effective strip width (the realized width of the survey track) depended on survey year, and g(0) also depended on the visibility reported by observers. Harbor porpoise abundance in 1997–99 was estimated at 11,146 animals for the Southeast Alaska stock, 31,046 animals for the Gulf of Alaska stock, and 48,515 animals for the Bering Sea stock.