黄芪复合体Astragalus penduliflorus Lam. complex (Leguminosae)的物种生物学研究

本文对黄芪复合体（Astragalus penduliflorus）复合体进行了物种生物学研究，主要内容包括如下： 1、形态学与物种生物学证据支持目前承认的黄芪复合体5种4变种应分为1种5亚种（其中新亚种一个）。它们是A. penduliflorus subsp. penduliflorus, A. penduliflorus subsp. seiceocanus, A. penduliflorus subsp. mongholicus, A. penduliflorus subsp. qinhaiensis（新亚种）和A. penduliflorus subsp. pallidipurpureus等5个分类实体。 2、讨论了分类群间的形态演化关系。黄芪复合体的进化趋势可能为：A. penduliflorus subsp. pallidipurpurous A. penduliflorus subsp. Qinhaiensis → A. penduliflorus subsp. Mongholius → A. penduliflorus subsp. Sericeocanus → A. penduliflorus subsp. pendulifloras。 3、分析了黄芪复合体3个亚种10个居群的染色体核型，它们的染色体2n=16，各居群间的核型呈现连续的变异式样。 4、分析了黄芪复合体5个亚种13个居群和两个近缘种的种子蛋白，并进行了聚类分析，认为种子蛋白性状在黄芪复合体的居群内比较稳定，且同一居群内的不同个体间无明显差异。同时，种子蛋白分析说明了复合体内居群也呈现连续变异。 5、应用最大同步分支分类法及最小平行进化分支分类法分析了黄芪复合体的谱系分支发生，确认复黄芪复合体为一自然复合种是比较客观的。

Marine cage culture and the environment: twenty-first century science informing a sustainable industry

Technological innovation has made it possible to grow marine finfish in the coastal and open ocean. Along with this opportunity comes environmental risk. As a federal agency charged with stewardship of the nation’s marine resources, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) requires tools to evaluate the benefits and risks that aquaculture poses in the marine environment, to implement policies and regulations which safeguard our marine and coastal ecosystems, and to inform production designs and operational procedures compatible with marine stewardship. There is an opportunity to apply the best available science and globally proven best management practices to regulate and guide a sustainable United States (U.S.) marine finfish farming aquaculture industry. There are strong economic incentives to develop this industry, and doing so in an environmentally responsible way is possible if stakeholders, the public and regulatory agencies have a clear understanding of the relative risks to the environment and the feasible solutions to minimize, manage or eliminate those risks. This report spans many of the environmental challenges that marine finfish aquaculture faces. We believe that it will serve as a useful tool to those interested in and responsible for the industry and safeguarding the health, productivity and resilience of our marine ecosystems. This report aims to provide a comprehensive review of some predominant environmental risks that marine fish cage culture aquaculture, as it is currently conducted, poses in the marine environment and designs and practices now in use to address these environmental risks in the U.S. and elsewhere. Today’s finfish aquaculture industry has learned, adapted and improved to lessen or eliminate impacts to the marine habitats in which it operates. What progress has been made? What has been learned? How have practices changed and what are the results in terms of water quality, benthic, and other environmental effects? To answer these questions we conducted a critical review of the large body of scientific work published since 2000 on the environmental impacts of marine finfish aquaculture around the world. Our report includes results, findings and recommendations from over 420 papers, primarily from peer-reviewed professional journals. This report provides a broad overview of the twenty-first century marine finfish aquaculture industry, with a targeted focus on potential impacts to water quality, sediment chemistry, benthic communities, marine life and sensitive habitats. Other environmental issues including fish health, genetic issues, and feed formulation were beyond the scope of this report and are being addressed in other initiatives and reports. Also absent is detailed information about complex computer simulations that are used to model discharge, assimilation and accumulation of nutrient waste from farms. These tools are instrumental for siting and managing farms, and a comparative analysis of these models is underway by NOAA.

Recovery of the Gulf of Maine--Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex: perspectives based on bottom trawl survey data

NMFS bottom trawl survey data were used to describe changes in distribution, abundance, and rates of population change occurring in the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank herring (Clupea harengus) complex during 1963–98. Herring in the region have fully recovered following severe overfishing during the 1960s and 1970s. Three distinct, but seasonally intermingling components from the Gulf of Maine, Nantucket Shoals (Great South Channel area), and Georges Bank appear to compose the herring resource in the region. Distribution ranges contracted as herring biomass declined in the late 1970s and then the range expanded in the 1990s as herring increased. Analysis of research survey data suggest that herring are currently at high levels of abundance and biomass. All three components of the stock complex, including the Georges Bank component, have recovered to pre-1960s abundance. Survey data support the theory that herring recolonized the Georges Bank region in stages from adjacent components during the late 1980s, most likely from herring spawning in the Gulf of Maine.