Plasma levels of intermedin (adrenomedullin-2) in healthy human volunteers and patients with heart failure

Intermedin/adrenomedullin-2 (IMD) is a member of the adrenomedullin/CGRP peptide family. Less is known about the distribution of IMD than for other family members within the mammalian cardiovascular system, particularly in humans. The aim was to evaluate plasma IMD levels in healthy subjects and patients with chronic heart failure. IMD and its precursor fragments, preproIMD25–56 and preproIMD57–92, were measured by radioimmunoassay in 75 healthy subjects and levels of IMD were also compared to those of adrenomedullin (AM) and mid-region proadrenomedullin45–92 (MRproAM45–92) in 19 patients with systolic heart failure (LVEF < 45%). In healthy subjects, plasma levels (mean + SE) of IMD (6.3 + 0.6 pg ml−1) were lower than, but correlated with those of AM (25.8 + 1.8 pg ml−1; r = 0.49, p < 0.001). Plasma preproIMD25–56 (39.6 + 3.1 pg ml−1), preproIMD57–92 (25.9 + 3.8 pg ml−1) and MRproAM45–92 (200.2 + 6.7 pg ml−1) were greater than their respective bioactive peptides. IMD levels correlated positively with BMI but not age, and were elevated in heart failure (9.8 + 1.3 pg ml−1, p < 0.05), similarly to MRproAM45–92 (329.5 + 41.9 pg ml−1, p < 0.001) and AM (56.8 + 10.9 pg ml−1, p < 0.01). IMD levels were greater in heart failure patients with concomitant renal impairment (11.3 + 1.8 pg ml−1) than those without (6.5 + 1.0 pg ml−1; p < 0.05). IMD and AM were greater in patients receiving submaximal compared with maximal heart failure drug therapy and were decreased after 6 months of cardiac resynchronization therapy. In conclusion, IMD is present in the plasma of healthy subjects less abundantly than AM, but is similarly correlated weakly with BMI. IMD levels are elevated in heart failure, especially with concomitant renal impairment, and tend to be reduced by high intensity drug or pacing therapy.

Pulpal Neuropeptide Y levels in relation to pain experience

Neuropeptide Y is a 36 amino acid peptide that belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide family. It co-localises with adrenaline in sympathetic nerves and is released upon sympathetic activation resulting in vasoconstriction. In addition to its vascular effects NPY is also thought to have a role in pain modulation, angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of NPY in human dental pulp tissue from intact and grossly carious teeth and to relate these results to pain experience. Methods: A total of 48 permanent teeth [mean age 32.1(+/- 11.2 years)] were included in the study, of these 22 were intact and 26 were grossly carious. In the grossly carious group, 17 teeth were reported painful prior to extraction and the remainder were reported non-painful. NPY was measured using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay which has been previously described. Pain was scored as either present or absent in all the teeth studied. Results: Of particular interest in this study was the finding that NPY levels were significantly higher in dental pulp tissue from non-painful grossly carious teeth (p= 0.006) compared with painful grossly carious teeth. Conclusions: The increased levels of NPY reported in non-painful grossly carious teeth may suggest a role for NPY in pain modulation in human dental pulp.

Higher plasma levels of complement C3a, C4a and C5a increase the risk of subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of complement C3a, C4a, and C5a in different types of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and whether the levels were related to patients’ responsiveness to anti-VEGF therapy.

Results: Ninety-six nAMD patients (including 61 with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), 17 with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), 14 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and 4 unclassified patients) and 43 controls were recruited to this case–control study. Subretinal fibrosis was observed in 45 nAMD patients and was absent in 51 nAMD patients. In addition, the responsiveness to anti-VEGF (Lucentis) therapy was also evaluated in nAMD patients. Forty-four patients were complete responders, 48 were partially responders, and only 4 patients did not respond to the therapy. The plasma levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly higher in nAMD patients compared to
controls. Further analysis of nAMD subgroups showed that the levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly increased in patients with CNV but not RAP and PCV. Significantly increased levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were also observed in nAMD patients with subretinal fibrosis but not in those without subretinal fibrosis. Higher levels of C3a were observed in nAMD patients who responded partially to anti-VEGF therapy.

Conclusions: Our results suggest increased systemic complement activation in nAMD patients with CNV but not RAP and PCV. Our results also suggest that higher levels of systemic complement activation may increase the risk of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD patients

mRNA Levels of BACE1 and its interacting proteins, RTN3 and PPIL2, correlate in human post mortem brain tissue

β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for production of Aβ peptides, proposed to drive the pathological changes found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reticulon 3 (RTN3) is a negative modulator of BACE1 (β-secretase) proteolytic activity, while peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)-like 2 (PPIL2) positively regulated BACE1 gene expression in a cell-based assay. This study aimed to analyze RTN3 and PPIL2 mRNA levels in four brain regions from individuals with AD and controls. BACE1 mRNA had been previously quantified in the samples, as had glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), to track changing cell populations in the tissue. mRNA levels in the human post mortem brain tissue were assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and qbasePLUS, employing validated stably expressed reference genes. No differences in RTN3 or PPIL2 mRNA levels were found in individuals with AD, compared to controls. Both RTN3 and PPIL2 mRNA levels correlated significantly with BACE1 mRNA and all three showed similar disease stage-dependent changes with respect to NSE and GFAP. These findings indicated that the in vitro data demonstrating an effect of PPIL2 on BACE1 expression have functional relevance in vivo. Further research into BACE1-interacting proteins could provide a fruitful approach to the modulation of this protease and consequently Aβ production.

Effective collision strengths for forbidden transitions among the 3s23p3 fine-structure levels of Cl III

Effective collision strengths for the 10 astrophysically important fine-structure forbidden transitions among the ⁴S^o, ²D^o and ²P^o levels in the 3s²3p³ configuration of Cl III are presented. The calculation employs the multichannel R-matrix method to compute the electron-impact excitation collision strengths in a close-coupling expansion, which incorporates the lowest 23 LS target eigenstates of Cl III. These states are formed from the 3s²3p³, 3s3p⁴, 3s²3p²3d and 3s²3p²4s configurations. The Maxwellian-averaged effective collision strengths are presented graphically for all 10 fine-structure transitions over a wide range of electron temperatures appropriate for astrophysical applications [log T(K) = 3.3 - log T(K) = 5.9]. Comparisons are made with the earlier seven-state close-coupling calculation of Butler & Zeippen, and in general excellent agreement is found in the low-temperature region where a comparison is possible [log T(K) = 3.3 - log T(K) = 4.7]. However, discrepancies of up to 30 per cent are found to occur for the forbidden transitions which involve the ⁴S^o ground state level, particularly for the lowest temperatures considered. At the higher temperatures, the present data are the only reliable results currently available.

Effective collision strengths for fine-structure forbidden transitions among the 2s22p3 levels of S x

Effective collision strengths for electron-impact excitation of the N-like ion S x are calculated in the close-coupling approximation using the multichannel R-matrix method. Specific attention is given to the 10 astrophysically important fine-structure forbidden transitions among the ⁴S^O, ²D^o and ²P^o levels in the 2s²2p³ ground configuration. The total (e^- + ion) wavefunction is expanded in terms of the 11 lowest LS eigenstates of S x, and each eigenstate is represented by extensive configuration-interaction wavefunctions. The collision strengths obtained are thermally averaged over a Maxwellian distribution of velocities, for all 10 fine-structure transitions, over the range of electron temperatures log T(K) = 4.6-6.7 (the range appropriate for astrophysical applications). The present effective collision strengths are the only results currently available for these fine-structure transition rates.

Effective collision strengths for fine-structure forbidden transitions among the 2s22p3 levels of Ne IV

Effective collision strengths for electron-impact excitation of the N-like ion NeIV are calculated in the close-coupling approximation using the multichannel R-matrix method. Specific attention is given to the 10 astrophysically important fine-structure forbidden transitions among the ⁴S^o, ²D^o and ²P^o levels in the 2s²2p³ ground-state configuration. The expansion of the total wavefunction incorporates the lowest 11 LS eigenstates of NeIV, consisting of eight n = 2 terms with configurations 2s²2p³, 2s2p⁴ and 2p⁵, together with three n = 3 states of configuration 2s²2p²3s. We present in graphical form the effective collision strengths obtained by thermally averaging the collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution of velocities, for all 10 fine-structure transitions, over the range of electron temperatures log T(K) = 3.6 to log T(K) = 6.1 (the range appropriate for astrophysical applications). Comparisons are made with the earlier, less sophisticated close-coupling calculation of Giles, and excellent agreement is found in the limited temperature region where a comparison is possible [log T(K) = 3.7 to log 7(K) = 4.3]. At higher temperatures the present data are the only reliable results currently available.

Effective collision strengths for fine-structure forbidden transitions among the 3s 23p 3 levels of Ar IV

The multichannel R-matrix method is used to compute electron impact excitation collision strengths in Ar IV for all fine-structure transitions among the ⁴S°, ²D° and ²P° levels in the 3s ²3p ³ ground configuration. Included in the expansion of the total wavefunction are the lowest 13 LS target eigenstates of Ar iv formed from the 3s ²3p ³, 3s3p ⁴ and 3s ²3p ²3d configurations. The effective collision strengths, obtained by averaging the electron collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution of electron velocities, are presented for all 10 fine-structure transitions over a wide range of electron temperatures of astrophysical interest (T _e = 2000-100 000 K). Comparisons are made with an earlier 7-state close-coupling calculation by Zeippen, Butler & Le Bourlot, and significant differences are found to occur for many of the forbidden transitions considered, in particular those involving the ⁴S° ground state, where discrepancies of up to a factor of 3 are found in the low-temperature region. © 1997 RAS.

Urinary thrombomodulin levels were significantly higher following occupational exposure to chemicals, in the presence of dipstick protein, but not in the presence of dipstick blood

Currently, there are no biomarkers which can identify patients with an increased risk of developing urothelial cancer as a result of occupational chemical exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between final diagnosis and 22 biomarkers measured in urine, serum and plasma collected from 156 hematuric patients. Fourteen of the 80 patients (17.5%) with urothelial cancer and 13/76 (17.1%) of the controls were deemed to have a history of chemical exposure. We applied Fisher's exact tests to explore associations between chemical exposure and final diagnosis, and tumor stage and grade, where applicable; ANOVA and t-test to compare age across patients with and without chemical exposure; and Zelen's exact test to evaluate relationships across final diagnosis, chemical exposure and smoking. Following pre-selection of biomarkers using Lasso, we identified biomarkers with differential levels across patients with and without chemical exposure using Welch's t-test. Using a one-sided t-test and considering multiple testing using FDR, we observed that TM levels in urine were significantly higher in samples from patients with a history of chemical exposure regardless of their diagnosis as control or urothelial cancer (one-sided t-test, p_UC = 0.014 and p_CTL = 0.043); in the presence of dipstick protein and when urinary pH levels ≤ 6 (p = 0.003), but not in the presence of dipstick blood (p = 0.115). Urothelial cancer patients with a history of chemical exposure were significantly younger (64.1 years) than those without chemical exposure (70.2 years) (one-sided t-test p-value = 0.012); and their tumors were higher grade (Fisher's exact test; p = 0.008). There was a strong association between a history of chemical exposure and smoking in urothelial cancer patients (Zelen's exact test; p = 0.025). Elevated urinary thrombomodulin levels could have the potential to identify chemical exposure in hematuric patients at high risk of developing urothelial cancer.

Levels and biological effects of selected EDC's in the portuguese coast

Os compostos orgânicos de estanho (OTs), de entre os quais se destaca o tributilestanho (TBT), encontram-se amplamente dispersos no meio aquático devido à sua intensa utilização como agente biocida em tintas antivegetativas. Estudos anteriores sobre a poluição por organoestanhos em Portugal demonstraram que estes compostos se encontram presentes não só na linha de costa mas também em zonas da plataforma, sendo as zonas portuárias (onde se incluem portos comerciais, portos de pesca, marinas e estaleiros navais) os principais focos de poluição. A presente tese tem como objectivo investigar o estado actual da poluição por organoestanhos na costa Portuguesa confirmando se os padrões espaciais acima descritos se mantêm, por meio da quantificação de diversos OTs, nomeadamente, butilestanhos, fenilestanhos e octilestanhos. Assim, os níveis destes compostos foram avaliados em populações de Mytilus galloprovincialis e Nassarius reticulatus ao longo da costa continental Portuguesa, com particular incidência na Ria de Aveiro onde se quantificaram os níveis de OTs em mexilhões, gastrópodes e sedimentos, recolhidos numa malha de amostragem mais densa. A distribuição espacial dos organoestanhos foi determinada utilizando o bivalve M. galloprovincialis como espécie bioindicadora. Os níveis totais de estanho (SnT) foram quantificados nos tecidos do mexilhão e relacionados com os níveis totais de OTs nos mesmos tecidos, incluindo monobutilestanho (MBT), dibutilestanho (DBT), tributilestanho (TBT), difenilestanho (DPhT), trifenilestanho (TPhT), monoctilestanho (MOcT) e dioctilestanho (DOct). A contribuição dos OTs para os valores de estanho total (SnT) foi superior nas estações de amostragem localizadas no interior de portos onde atingiram proporções próximas dos 50%. De entre estes, os butilestanhos (BuTs=MBT+DBT+TBT) contribuíram em média com 98.6% para o valor total de OTs, tendo sido detectados em todas as amostras analisadas. Os valores mais elevados foram registados no interior ou na proximidade de portos, corroborando a ideia anterior de que constituem importantes focos de poluição. A variação das concentrações de TBT no mexilhão situou-se entre os 0,9 e 720 ng Sn.g-1 de peso seco (ps). Estes valores são, em 69% das estações amostradas, superiores ao valor do proposto pela OSPAR (4,9 ng TBT-Sn.g-1 ps) para tecidos de mexilhão o que sugere a forte probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos adversos sobre os ecossistemas. Os níveis de OTs foram também quantificados em tecidos de N. reticulatus recolhidos ao longo da costa em 2008 Os butilestanhos representaram a maioria dos compostos organoestânicos quantificados e os níveis mais elevados foram novamente detectados no interior ou nas imediações de portos. Os valores de TBT nos tecidos deste gastrópode variaram entre 3,5 e 380 ng Sn.g-1 ps, representando uma percentagem média de 50,4% do total de butilestanhos. Simultaneamente, os níveis de imposex foram também avaliados e relacionados com os valores deste composto nos tecidos. As distribuições espaciais de imposex e de TBT seguiram a mesma tendência, sendo que em todos os locais amostrados foram encontradas fêmeas afectadas. Os valores de VDSI (índice da sequência do vaso deferente) variaram entre 0,2 e 4,4. Em 91% dos locais os valores de VDSI foram superiores a 0,3 (definido pela OSPAR como o valor de VDSI em N. reticulatus acima do qual o objectivo de qualidade ecológica não é atingido), confirmando a suspeição da existência de efeitos adversos nos ecossistemas. Em todos os compartimentos analisados na Ria de Aveiro, os butilestanhos foram os principais contribuintes para estanho orgânico total. A utilização do imposex em N. reticulatus como biomarcador da poluição por TBT permitiu determinar um gradiente decrescente desde o interior da Ria (onde se situa a zona portuária) até zonas costeiras adjacentes. O mesmo gradiente foi observado relativamente às concentrações de TBT em tecidos de mexilhão. Para os sedimentos, as concentrações de TBT são bastante variáveis com valores entre 2,7 e 1780 ng Sn.g-1 ps encontrando-se significativamente correlacionadas com o conteúdo em matéria orgânica da amostra. Em todas as amostras analisadas os níveis de TBT são elevados e superiores ao valor inferior (provisório) de EAC (critério de avaliação ambiental) proposto pela OSPAR (0,004 ng TBT-Sn.g-1 ps). A análise da evolução temporal da poluição por TBT ao longo da costa foi concretizada por meio da comparação entre níveis de organoestanhos em N. reticulatus em amostras de 2008 e 2003 e também através da comparação dos níveis de imposex registados em campanhas realizadas naqueles dois anos. Os resultados obtidos indicam a ocorrência de reduções significativas nas concentrações de TBT, DBT e MBT, assim como uma diminuição significativa nos valores de VDSI entre 2003 e 2008. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a redução verificada se deve à implementação do Regulamento 782/2003 da Comunidade Europeia, que tem por objectivo a erradicação das descargas e emissões de TBT para o ambiente a partir dos sistemas antivegetativos A diminuição da poluição por TBT ao longo dos últimos anos foi acompanhada por um aumento no número de fêmeas com um vaso deferente, mas sem pénis (imposex do tipo b): 3,5% em 2000, 11% em 2003 e 24% em 2008. Um aumento no número de locais onde se registou o fenómeno também é evidente: dois em 2000, sete em 2003 e treze em 2008. A proporção de fêmeas b no estádio 1 de VDS apresentou igual tendência com aumento de 38% em 2000 para 65% em 2008. O aumento no número de fêmeas com esta via parece estar associado à diminuição da poluição por TBT. Face à esperada diminuição da presença do composto no meio ambiente, devido à sua proibição, o aumento de fêmeas com imposex do tipo b é previsível. A ocorrência de compostos xenoestrogénicos no ambiente aquático foi também estudada e os níveis de estrona (E1), 17α-e 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α- etinilestradiol (EE2), bisfenol-A (BPA) e nonilfenol (NP) foram quantificados em efluentes de estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETARs) localizadas na região de Aveiro, bem como no efluente final descarregado no Oceano Atlântico, através de um emissário submarino (S. Jacinto), sendo amostras recolhidas na entrada da Ria e ao largo usadas como referência. Os níveis de hormonas esteróides e compostos fenólicos registados nos locais de referência são baixos. De entre as hormonas esteróides os níveis mais elevados foram registados para a estrona, com valores máximos de 85.3 ng.L- 1 . Os níveis mais elevados de compostos fenólicos foram detectados em efluentes industriais (máximos de NP e BPA de 2410 ng.L-1 e 897 ng.L-1 , respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os níveis de compostos xenoestrogénicos em locais de referência são baixos e não parecerem acarretar risco ecológico, no entanto o mesmo não será verdadeiro para as imediações do emissário de S. Jacinto que liberta efluentes com concentrações muito elevadas de E1, NP e BPA. Foram realizadas experiências laboratoriais de forma a elucidar o papel do receptor retinóico X (RXR) no mecanismo de indução de imposex (presentemente o mecanismo que demonstra maior promessa na explicação do desencadear deste fenómeno). Fêmeas de Nucella lapillus e N. reticulatus foram injectadas com TBT em etanol ou com ácido 9-cis- retinóico em FBS (soro fetal bovino) tendo-se procedido à sua observação nos 30 dias subsequentes. Tanto o TBT como o 9CRA induziram o desenvolvimento de imposex em N. lapillus e N. reticulatus. Aumentos significativos nos valores de VDSI e FPL entre o controlo de etanol e o tratamento de TBT e o controlo de FBS e o tratamento de 9CRA foram registados. Os resultados obtidos fornecem novas provas do envolvimento da via de sinalização associada ao RXR no desenvolvimento de imposex em ambas as espécies.

Electrochemical methodology to study labile trace metal/natural organic matter complexation at low concentration levels in natural waters

A new electrochemical methodology to study labile trace metal/natural organic matter complexation at low concentration levels in natural waters is presented. This methodology consists of three steps: (i) an estimation of the complex diffusion coefficient (DML), (ii) determination at low pH of the total metal concentration initially present in the sample, (iii) a metal titration at the desired pH. The free and bound metal concentrations are determined for each point of the titration and modeled with the non-ideal competitive adsorption (NICA-Donnan) model in order to obtain the binding parameters. In this methodology, it is recommended to determine the hydrodynamic transport parameter, α, for each set of hydrodynamic conditions used in the voltammetric measurements. The methodology was tested using two fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) isolated from the Loire river, namely the hydrophobic organic matter (HPO) and the transphilic organic matter (TPI), and a well characterized fulvic acid (Laurentian fulvic acid, LFA). The complex diffusion coefficients obtained at pH 5 were 0.4 ± 0.2 for Pb and Cu/HPO, 1.8 ± 0.2 for Pb/TPI and (0.612 ± 0.009) × 10−10 m2 s−1 for Pb/LFA. NICA-Donnan parameters for lead binding were obtained for the HPO and TPI fractions. The new lead/LFA results were successfully predicted using parameters derived in our previous work.

Androgens and Mating Systems in Fish: Intra- and Inter-specific Analysis

One of the predictions of the ‘challenge hypothesis’ (Wingfield et al., 1990) is that androgen patterns during the breeding season should vary among species according to the parenting and mating system. Here we assess this prediction of the challenge hypothesis both at the intra- and at the inter-specific level. To test the hypothesis at the inter-specific level, a literature survey on published androgen pat- terns from teleost fish with different mating systems was carried out. The results confirm the predicted effect of mating system on andro- gen levels. To test the hypothesis at an intra-specific level, a species with flexible reproductive strategies (i.e. monogamy vs. polygyny), the Saint Peter’s fish was studied. Polygynous males had higher 11- ketotestosterone levels. However, males implanted with methyl-tes- tosterone did not became polygynous and the variation of the ten- dency to desert their pair mates was better explained by the repro- ductive state of the female partner. This result stresses the point that the effects of behaviour on hormones cannot be considered without respect to the social context.

A global assessment of the effectiveness of different protection levels in marine protected areas of tropical waters, following a new categorization

Dissertação de mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015