Prevalência da infecção pelo Toxoplasma gondii em animais domésticos, silvestres e grupamentos humanos da Amazônia

Através de Reação de Hemaglutinação Indireta para toxoplasmose foram examinadas amostras de sangue de dez diferentes espécies de animais domésticos e silvestres, de um grupamento humano da cidade de Manaus-Amazonas e de um grupamento humano indígena de área distante, no território de Roraima. Em 108 animais domésticos, o exame sorológico foi reagente em 90,6% dos gatos (Felis catus), 68,4% dos cães (Canis familiaris), 60,0% dos bovinos (Bos sp), 41,2% dos galináceos (Gallus sp) e 40,0% dos palmípedes (Cairina sp). Nos 104 animais silvestres foram reagentes 75,0% dos felídeos (Felis sp), 63,6% dos marsupiais (Didelphis marsupialis e Marmosa sp), 63,3% dos primatas (Saimiri sp) e 61,1% dos roedores (Proechimys). Entre os dois grupos humanos a prevalência foi de 70,6% nos 51 habitantes da área de Manaus, 64,8% nos 37 silvícolas de Roraima. Os autores discutem os resultados obtidos, assim como os diversos aspectos envolvidos na epidemiologia da toxoplasmose e chamam a atenção para a existência de mecanismos de transmissão ainda não esclarecidos, enfatizando a necessidade de maiores estudos dessa zoonose.

Interculturalidad en la educación superior. Los Estudios de Asia Oriental, los Estudios Hispánicos y la enseñanza de cultura

Primer estadi d’un projecte de recerca més ampli que pretén comparar les imatges de la cultura espanyola i japonesa que transmeten els Estudis Hispànics al Japó i els Estudis d’Àsia Oriental a Espanya, respectivament. Disquisició sobre el marc teòric dels estudis interculturals. Anàlisi de la creació de la imatge del Japó i de la distribució de la seva cultura internacionalment.

Proteocefalídeos (Cestoda) de Phractocephalus Hemilopterus, peixe da Amazônia

São descritas e comentadas quatro espécies de cestóides proteocefalídeos de peixes siluriformes da Amazônia. Entre eles, Myzophorus woodlandi sp. n. que é comparada com as outras espécies do gênero; tais espécimens foram encontrados entre os tipos de Myrophorus pirarara Woodland, 1935. É também comentado o encontro de ovos operculados de uma 5ª espécie de proteocefalideo, não identificado.

El Orden regional de Asia oriental en materia de seguridad

El trabajo analiza los procesos de gestación y evolución del orden regional de Asia oriental en materia de seguridad, así como la estructura normativa del mismo. En estos procesos las iniciativas bilaterales de los Estados tradicionalmente han jugado un papel determinante. Las últimas dos décadas, no obstante, han sido testigo del creciente peso de otros actores no estatales en el marco del llamado second track y del impulso de iniciativas multilaterales. En cuanto a la estructura de este orden, por otra parte, ésta se compone de unos principios y normas constitucionales y de unas instituciones fundamentales que delimitan un orden diferente de y compatible con el orden internacional actual.

A cronologia da descoberta dos transmissores da malária na Amazônia brasileira

In the Amazon Region of Brazil, during the first three decades of this century, anophelines of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus not precisely identified to species were regarded as the probable malaria vectors. In 1931 and 1933 Anopheles darlingi, and in 1942-1946 An. aquasalis were confirmed as carriers, the former in the interior, the latter along the coast, because of their habits and salivary gland infection. An. albitarsis and An. braziliensis seemed to be occasional, secondary vectors. Forty years later, through immunological tests, other species are being pointed as naturally infected: An. triannulatus, An. nuneztovari, An. oswaldoi, An. strodei, An. galvaoi and An. peryassui. The importance of all incriminated species except An. darlingi (the main vector wherever present) and An. aquasalis has yet to be measured.

Glossuropoda, novo subgênero de Euglossa, e duas espécies novas da Amazônia, do mesmo subgênero (Apidae - Hymenoptera)

A new subgenus Glossuropoda is proposed for Euglossa intersecta Latreille, 1837, as the type species. It is distinguished from Glossura by having a very peculiar configuration of the mid basitarsus of the male and lack of the median spur. Two new species Euglossa (Glossuropoda) hugonis, from Tabatinga, AM - Brasil, and Euglossa (Glossuropoda) juremae, from Vigia, PA - Brasil, belonging to the same subgenus but strickingly different from the type species by their prevalent green color with brassy and golden hue on the last abdominal segments and hind legs.

Berosos de Babilònia i el Gran Diluvi. Anàlisi i estudi en relació amb d’altres relats diluvians de tradició oriental i grecollatina

Anàlisi comparativa del text diluvià de Berosos de Babilònia en relació amb d’altres textos de tradició oriental i grecollatina que recullen aquest mateix episodi. En aquest marc, Berosos representa el vèrtex d’unió a partir del qual es produeix una inflexió en les narracions del Gran Diluvi i, per tant, esdevé el fil de continuïtat entre ambdues tradicions

Diagnosi ambiental de les fonts naturals de la zona nord-occidental del Vallès Oriental: el fenomen "garrafaire"

Aquest treball analitza un total de sis fonts naturals situades a la zona nord-occidental del Vallès Oriental amb l’objectiu de determinar-ne la seva freqüentació i en especial centrar-se en el fenomen “garrafaire”. S’ha elaborat un mètode de recompte d’usuaris, s’ha analitzat l’aigua a nivell físico-químic i microbiològic i s’ha portat a terme un sistema de caracterització ambiental d’aquestes fonts. La freqüentació és elevada a quatre de les sis fonts estudiades, de les que només tres són utilitzades habitualment per “garrafaires”. El volum d’ús d’aquestes fonts contrasta amb el control analític de la qualitat de l’aigua, per part de l’administració, que és inexistent en quatre d’elles i insuficient a les restants. La confiança per part dels usuaris cap a la qualitat de l’aigua també difereix dels resultats de les analítiques realitzades, en que l’aigua ha estat qualificada com a no apta per al consum humà en totes elles, exceptuant una única analítica d’una font que ha resultat apta per al consum humà. En conseqüència, caldria un pla de control i seguiment de la qualitat de l’aigua almenys en 4 de les fonts analitzades.

Paleopatología dental de una muestra esquelética del área funeraria del suburbio oriental de Tarraco (siglo I-III d. C.)

Los dientes son una importante fuente de información en el estudio de poblaciones del pasado. El estudio de las enfermedades dentales en restos esqueléticos antiguos busca reconstruir la forma de vida de las poblaciones antiguas relacionadas con su estado de salud y enfermedad.

A Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny Indicates Close Relationships between Populations of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from the Rain-forest Regions of Amazônia and Northeast Brazil

Phylogenetic analysis of all 31 described mitochondrial (cytochrome b) haplotypes of Lutzomyia whitmani demonstrated that new material from the State of Rondônia, in southwest Amazônia, forms a clade within a lineage found only in the rain-forest regions of Brazil. This rain-forest lineage also contains two other clades of haplotypes, one from eastern Amazônia and one from the Atlantic forest zone of northeast Brazil (including the type locality of the species in Ilhéus, State of Bahia). These findings do not favour recognizing two allopatric cryptic species of L. whitmani, one associated with the silvatic transmission of Leishmania shawi in southeast Amazônia and the other with the peridomestic transmission of Le. braziliensis in northeast Brazil. Instead, they suggest that there is (or has been in the recent past) a continuum of inter-breeding populations of L. whitmani in the rain-forest regions of Brazil.

Stomach content analyses of Simulium perflavum Roubaud 1906 (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae from streams in Central Amazônia, Brazil

Stomach contents of Simulium perflavum Roubaud larvae were analyzed and compared with plankton and periphyton collected in five streams, in Central Amazonia (Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo counties), in Sep./Oct.1996 (dry season) and Feb./Mar. 1997 (rainy season). A total of 1,400 last-instar larvae were dissected; the stomach contents were analyzed using different methods: fresh and after oxidation. A total of 87 taxa (algae, diatoms and rotifers) were found in the stomach contents. In each stream, qualitative samples of plankton and periphyton were collected; these were mounted between slides and cover slips. A total of 94 taxa of plankton and 54 taxa of periphyton were collected. One species of Rotifera was present in the stomach contents, plankton and periphyton. Cluster analysis based on species composition of the organisms present in the stomach contents grouped the streams into two major groups, each belonging to a different drainage area. Correlations based on presence/absence of species of microalgae in the stomach contents, plankton and periphyton indicated significant associations (p<0.05) between stomach contents and plankton and between plankton and periphyton (z test); the Sorensen coefficient and cluster analysis corroborate the same associations.

Morphometric comparison of Simulium perflavum larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) in relation to season and gender in Central Amazônia, Brazil

Number of larval instars, age structure and environmental effects on these parameters represent basic information in the study of insect population biology. When species have economic importance, this information is essential in order to choose the best period to apply different control methods and to determine the stages of the life cycle of the insect that are most susceptible to each treatment. The family Simuliidae has many species of medical/veterinary importance in the world, and some studies in the temperate region have suggested that the number of larval instars and the larval size can vary according to the season, gender and some environmental factors, such as temperature and diet. This study, with the zoophilic species Simulium perflavum Roubaud, is the first in the Neotropics observing some of these factors and will serve as a template for other species of medical importance in the region. S. perflavum larvae were collected in five streams in Central Amazônia (Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo counties, State of Amazonas), in Sept./Oct. 1996 (dry season) and Feb./Mar. 1997 (rainy season). These larvae were measured (lateral length of head capsule and width of cephalic apodema) to determine the number of larval instars (n=3985), to compare the larval size between seasons and genders (last and penultimate larval instars, n=200). Seven larval instars were determined for this species using frequency distributions, t-tests and Crosby´s growth rule. Significant differences were not detected (t-test, p>0.05) in larval size between seasons and genders. Our results differ from some found in temperate regions suggesting that in the Neotropical region the larval size in different seasons and different genders remains constant, although some environmental parameters, such as diet, change depending on the season.