Revisión actualizada sobre la insuficiencia renal aguda: estudio de un caso

La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) o fracaso renal agudo es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por un deterioro brusco, frecuentemente reversible, de la función renal que provoca fallo de la homeostasia y se acompaña de retención de productos terminales del metabolismo nitrogenado, como la urea y la creatinina, junto con alteraciones del equilibrio hidroelectrolítico y ácidobase. Suele observarse oliguria (diuresis inferior a 400 ml/24 h), aunque algunas formas clínicas...

Pneumomediastino espontâneo após esforço vocal: relato de caso

Neste estudo é relatado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 14 anos de idade, que após fazer grande esforço vocal, durante uma partida de futebol, desenvolveu quadro agudo de dor torácica. As radiografias de tórax e a tomografia computadorizada evidenciaram pneumomediastino, com pequeno pneumotórax bilateral. Os exames clínico, laboratoriais e radiológicos não demonstraram qualquer fator predisponente, ficando o caso classificado como pneumomediastino espontâneo.

Graduating 4th year radiology residents' perception of optimal imaging modalities for neoplasm and trauma: a pilot study from four U.S. universities

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess 4th year radiology residents' perception of the optimal imaging modality to investigate neoplasm and trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven 4th year radiology residents from four residency programs were surveyed. They were asked about the best imaging modality to evaluate the brain and spine, lungs, abdomen, and the musculoskeletal system. Imaging modalities available were MRI, CT, ultrasound, PET, and X-ray. All findings were compared to the ACR appropriateness criteria. RESULTS: MRI was chosen as the best imaging modality to evaluate brain, spine, abdominal, and musculoskeletal neoplasm in 96.3%, 100%, 70.4%, and 63% of residents, respectively. CT was chosen by 88.9% to evaluate neoplasm of the lung. Optimal imaging modality to evaluate trauma was CT for brain injuries (100%), spine (92.6%), lung (96.3%), abdomen (92.6%), and major musculoskeletal trauma (74.1%); MRI was chosen for sports injury (96.3%). There was agreement with ACR appropriateness criteria. CONCLUSION: Residents' perception of the best imaging modalities for neoplasm and trauma concurred with the appropriateness criteria by the ACR.

Síndrome de Chilaiditi: relato de caso

Os autores apresentam um caso de síndrome de Chilaiditi em uma mulher de 56 anos de idade. Mesmo tratando-se de condição benigna com rara indicação cirúrgica, reveste-se de grande importância pela implicação de urgência operatória que representa o diagnóstico equivocado de pneumoperitônio nesses pacientes. É realizada revisão da literatura, com ênfase na fisiopatologia, propedêutica e tratamento desta entidade.

International comparison of the German evidence-based S3-guidelines on the diagnosis and multimodal treatment of early and locally advanced gastric cancer, including adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines are essential in implementing and maintaining nationwide stage-specific diagnostic and therapeutic standards. In 2011, the first German expert consensus guideline defined the evidence for diagnosis and treatment of early and locally advanced esophagogastric cancers. Here, we compare this guideline with other national guidelines as well as current literature. METHODS: The German S3-guideline used an approved development process with de novo literature research, international guideline adaptation, or good clinical practice. Other recent evidence-based national guidelines and current references were compared with German recommendations. RESULTS: In the German S3 and other Western guidelines, adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) are classified according to formerly defined AEG I-III subgroups due to the high surgical impact. To stage local disease, computed tomography of the chest and abdomen and endosonography are reinforced. In contrast, laparoscopy is optional for staging. Mucosal cancers (T1a) should be endoscopically resected "en-bloc" to allow complete histological evaluation of lateral and basal margins. For locally advanced cancers of the stomach or esophagogastric junction (≥T3N+), preferred treatment is preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy. Preoperative radiochemotherapy is an evidence-based alternative for large AEG type I-II tumors (≥T3N+). Additionally, some experts recommend treating T2 tumors with a similar approach, mainly because pretherapeutic staging is often considered to be unreliable. CONCLUSIONS: The German S3 guideline represents an up-to-date European position with regard to diagnosis, staging, and treatment recommendations for patients with locally advanced esophagogastric cancer. Effects of perioperative chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy are still to be investigated for adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the lower esophagus.

Torção ovariana: ensaio iconográfico com enfoque em achados de ressonância magnética e tomografia computadorizada

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os principais achados em tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética da torção ovariana. Dois examinadores em consenso selecionaram e analisaram casos ilustrativos, obtidos entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011, de pacientes submetidas a tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, com dor abdominal aguda comprovadamente decorrente de torção ovariana, destacando os principais aspectos de imagem. O crescente papel da tomografia computadorizada e da ressonância magnética na avaliação de paciente com abdome agudo de origem ginecológica requer que o radiologista se familiarize com os aspectos de imagem das suas principais causas, utilizando estas ferramentas diagnósticas em conjunto com a ultrassonografia.

Gravidez ectópica: ensaio iconográfico com enfoque em achados de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os principais achados de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética em pacientes com dor abdominal aguda causada por gravidez ectópica. Para isso, dois radiologistas em consenso selecionaram e analisaram exames de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética realizados entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011 de pacientes com dor abdominal aguda comprovadamente decorrente de um quadro de gravidez ectópica. O diagnóstico por imagem de gravidez ectópica é usualmente obtido por ultrassonografia, no entanto, o uso crescente da tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética na avaliação do paciente com abdome agudo de origem ginecológica tem requerido que o radiologista se familiarize com os principais aspectos observados nestes métodos diagnósticos.

Tómese unos minutos para revisar sus conocimientos sobre...Las precauciones estándar. Test de autoevaluación

Los últimos acontecimientos en materia de salud, como la aparición del SARS (síndrome agudo respiratorio severo) y el aumento de las infecciones nosocomiales han vuelto a poner en debate la importancia de que se apliquen las precauciones estándar por parte de todo el personal sanitario. Si bien las precauciones estándar están protocolizadas en la mayoría de los centros de salud de nuestro país, existe una gran confusión y desconocimiento al respecto

Doença inflamatória pélvica aguda: ensaio iconográfico com enfoque em achados de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os principais achados em tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética em pacientes com dor abdominal aguda decorrente de doença inflamatória pélvica. Dois radiologistas em consenso selecionaram e analisaram exames de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, realizados entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011, de pacientes com quadro comprovado de doença inflamatória pélvica levando a um quadro de abdome agudo. Os principais achados foram coleções líquidas intracavitárias, realce anômalo na escavação pélvica e densificação dos planos adiposos anexiais. A doença inflamatória pélvica é uma das principais causas de dor abdominal em mulheres em idade reprodutiva e tem sido progressivamente diagnosticada mediante uso da tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, que complementam o papel da ultrassonografia. É crucial que os radiologistas se familiarizem com os principais aspectos diagnósticos em imagem seccional desta causa comum de abdome agudo.

Quando a fase de equilíbrio pode ser suprimida nos exames de tomografia computadorizada de abdome?

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a necessidade de realização da fase de equilíbrio nos exames de tomografia computadorizada de abdome. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo, transversal e observacional, avaliando 219 exames consecutivos de tomografia computadorizada de abdome com contraste intravenoso, realizados num período de três meses, com diversas indicações clínicas. Para cada exame foram emitidos dois pareceres, um avaliando o exame sem a fase de equilíbrio (primeira análise) e o outro avaliando todas as fases em conjunto (segunda análise). Ao final de cada avaliação, foi estabelecido se houve mudança nos diagnósticos principais e secundários, entre a primeira e a segunda análise. Foi utilizada a extensão do teste exato de Fisher para avaliar a modificação dos diagnósticos principais (p < 0,05 como significante). RESULTADOS: Entre os 219 casos avaliados, a supressão da fase de equilíbrio provocou alteração no diagnóstico principal em apenas um exame (0,46%; p > 0,999). Com relação aos diagnósticos secundários, cinco exames (2,3%) foram modificados. CONCLUSÃO: Para indicações clínicas como estadiamento tumoral, abdome agudo e pesquisa de coleção abdominal, a fase de equilíbrio não acrescenta contribuição diagnóstica expressiva, podendo ser suprimida dos protocolos de exame.

Tómese unos minutos para revisar sus conocimientos sobre...Las precauciones estándar. Test de autoevaluación

Los últimos acontecimientos en materia de salud, como la aparición del SARS (síndrome agudo respiratorio severo) y el aumento de las infecciones nosocomiales han vuelto a poner en debate la importancia de que se apliquen las precauciones estándar por parte de todo el personal sanitario. Si bien las precauciones estándar están protocolizadas en la mayoría de los centros de salud de nuestro país, existe una gran confusión y desconocimiento al respecto

When the non-contrast-enhanced phase is unnecessary in abdominal computed tomography scans? A retrospective analysis of 244 cases

Objective: To evaluate the necessity of the non contrast-enhanced phase in abdominal computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study was developed, evaluating 244 consecutive abdominal computed tomography scans both with and without contrast injection. Initially, the contrast-enhanced images were analyzed (first analysis). Subsequently, the observers had access to the non-contrast-enhanced images for a second analysis. The primary and secondary diagnoses were established as a function of the clinical indications for each study (such as tumor staging, acute abdomen, investigation for abdominal collection and hepatocellular carcinoma, among others). Finally, the changes in the diagnoses resulting from the addition of the non-contrast-enhanced phase were evaluated. Results: Only one (0.4%; p > 0.999; non-statistically significant) out of the 244 reviewed cases had the diagnosis changed after the reading of non-contrast-enhanced images. As the secondary diagnoses are considered, 35 (14%) cases presented changes after the second analysis, as follows: nephrolithiasis (10%), steatosis (3%), adrenal nodule (0.7%) and cholelithiasis (0.3%). Conclusion: For the clinical indications of tumor staging, acute abdomen, investigation of abdominal collections and hepatocellular carcinoma, the non-contrast-enhanced phase can be excluded from abdominal computed tomography studies with no significant impact on the diagnosis.

Congenital inferior vena cava anomalies: a review of findings at multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Inferior vena cava anomalies are rare, occurring in up to 8.7% of the population, as left renal vein anomalies are considered. The inferior vena cava develops from the sixth to the eighth gestational weeks, originating from three paired embryonic veins, namely the subcardinal, supracardinal and postcardinal veins. This complex ontogenesis of the inferior vena cava, with multiple anastomoses between the pairs of embryonic veins, leads to a number of anatomic variations in the venous return from the abdomen and lower limbs. Some of such variations have significant clinical and surgical implications related to other cardiovascular anomalies and in some cases associated with venous thrombosis of lower limbs, particularly in young adults. The authors reviewed images of ten patients with inferior vena cava anomalies, three of them with deep venous thrombosis. The authors highlight the major findings of inferior vena cava anomalies at multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, correlating them the embryonic development and demonstrating the main alternative pathways for venous drainage. The knowledge on the inferior vena cava anomalies is critical in the assessment of abdominal images to avoid misdiagnosis and to indicate the possibility of associated anomalies, besides clinical and surgical implications.

Celiac plexus block: an anatomical study and simulation using computed tomography

Objective: To analyze anatomical variations associated with celiac plexus complex by means of computed tomography simulation, assessing the risk for organ injury as the transcrural technique is utilized. Materials and Methods: One hundred eight transaxial computed tomography images of abdomen were analyzed. The aortic-vertebral, celiac trunk (CeT)-vertebral, CeT-aortic and celiac-aortic-vertebral topographical relationships were recorded. Two needle insertion pathways were drawn on each of the images, at right and left, 9 cm and 4.5 cm away from the midline. Transfixed vital organs and gender-related associations were recorded. Results: Aortic-vertebral - 45.37% at left and 54.62% in the middle; CeT-vertebral - T12, 36.11%; T12-L1, 32.4%; L1, 27.77%; T11-T12, 2.77%; CeT-aortic - 53.7% at left and 46.3% in the middle; celiac-aortic-vertebral - L-l, 22.22%; M-m, 23.15%; L-m, 31.48%; M-l, 23.15%. Neither correspondence on the right side nor significant gender-related associations were observed. Conclusion: Considering the wide range of abdominal anatomical variations and the characteristics of needle insertion pathways, celiac plexus block should not be standardized. Imaging should be performed prior to the procedure in order to reduce the risks for injuries or for negative outcomes to patients. Gender-related anatomical variations involved in celiac plexus block should be more deeply investigated, since few studies have addressed the subject.

Abdominal tuberculosis: a radiological review with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings

AbstractTuberculosis is a disease whose incidence has increased principally as a consequence of HIV infection and use of immunosuppressive drugs. The abdomen is the most common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It may be confused with several different conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, cancer and other infectious diseases. Delay in the diagnosis may result in significantly increased morbidity, and therefore an early recognition of the condition is essential for proper treatment. In the present essay, cases with confirmed diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis were assessed by means of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, demonstrating the involvement of different organs and systems, and presentations which frequently lead radiologists to a diagnostic dilemma. A brief literature review was focused on imaging findings and their respective prevalence.